Voiceover:We know that the multiplication
of scalar quantities is commutative.
For example, 5 times 7 is the same thing as 7 times 5,
and that's obviously just a particular example.
I could give many, many more.
3 times negative 11 is the same thing as negative 11 times 3
and the whole point of commutativity ...
I could never say it ...
is that it doesn't matter what order
that I'm multiplying in.
This is the same thing as negative 11 times 3.
Or if we wanted to speak in general terms,
if I have the scalar a and I multiply it times the scalar b,
that's going to be the same thing
as multiplying the scalar b times the scalar a.
Now what I want to do in this video is think about
whether this property of commutativity,
whether the commutative property
of multiplication of scalars,
whether there is a similar property
for the multiplication of matrices,
whether it's the case that if I had two matrices,
let's say matrix capital A and matrix capital B,
whether it's always the case that that product,
the resulting matrix here is the same
as the product of matrix B and matrix A,
just swapping the order.
I encourage you ... so is this always true?
It might be sometimes true,
but in order for us to say that matrix multiplication
is commutative, that it doesn't matter what order
we are multiplying it,
we have to figure out is this always going to be true?
I encourage you to pause this video
and think about that for a little bit.
Let's just think through a few things.
First of all, let's just think about matrices
of different dimensions.
Let's say I have a matrix here.
Let's say that matrix A is a, I don't know,
let's say it is a 5 by 2 matrix,
5 by 2 matrix,
and matrix B is a 2 by 3 matrix.
The product AB is going to have what dimensions?
If I multiply these two, you're going to get a third matrix.
Let's just call that C for now.
You're going to get a third matrix C.
What are going to be the dimensions of C?
We know, first of all, that this product is defined
under our convention of matrix multiplication
because the number of columns that A has
is the same as the number of rows B has,
and the resulting rows and column
are going to be the rows of A and the columns of B.
So C is going to be a 5 by 3 matrix,
a 5 by 3 matrix.
Now what about the other way around?
What would B times A be?
Once again, I encourage you to pause the video.
If you were to take B,
let me copy and paste that,
and multiply that times A,
so I'm really just switching the order of the multiplication
so copy and paste.
If we take that product right over there,
what is that going to be equal to?
What is this?
What is this right over here going to be equal to?
The first question is, is matrix multiplication even defined
for these two matrices?
When you look at the number of columns that B has
and the number of rows that A has,
you see that it actually is not defined,
that we have a different number of columns for B
and a different number of rows for A.
Here, the product is not defined,
is not defined,
so this immediately is a pretty big clue
that this isn't always going to be true.
Here, AB, the product AB is defined,
and you'll end up with a 5 by 3 matrix.
The product here, BA, isn't even defined.
This is already ...
We're already seeing that this is not the case,
that order matters when you are multiplying,
when you are multiplying matrices.
To make things a little bit more concrete,
let's actually look at a matrix.
You might be saying, oh, maybe this doesn't work
only when it's not defined,
but hey, maybe it works if we're always to do
square matrices or matrices where both products
are always defined in some way,
or maybe some other case.
Let's look at a case where we're dealing
with 2 by 2 matrices and see whether order matters.
Let's say I have the matrix.
Let's say I have the matrix 1, 2, negative 3, negative 4,
and I want to multiply that by the matrix,
by the matrix negative 2, 0, 0, negative 3.
What's that product going to be?
Once again, I encourage you to pause the video
and think about that.
Let's think it through, and we've done this many times now.
This first entry here is going to be,
we're essentially going to look at this row and this column,
so it's 1 times negative 2, which is negative 2,
plus 2 times 0.
This is going to be negative 2.
Now, for this entry,
for this entry over here,
we'll look at this row and this column,
1 times 0, which is 0, plus 2 times negative 3,
which is negative 6.
Then for this entry, we would look at this row
and this column.
Negative 3 times negative 2 is positive 6
plus negative 4 times 0, which is just positive 6.
We're going to have positive 6.
Then finally, for this entry,
it's going to be the second row times the second column.
Negative 3 times 0 is 0.
Negative 4 times negative 3 is positive 12,
so fair enough.
Now what if we did it the other way around?
What if we were to multiply negative 2, 0, 0, negative 3
times 1, 2, negative 3, negative 4?
What's this going to be equal to?
As always, it's a good idea to try to pause it
and work through it on your own.
Let's think about this.
Negative 2 times 1 is negative 2, plus 0 times negative 3,
so that's going to be negative 2.
So far, it's looking pretty good.
Then if you have negative 2 times 2 is negative 4,
plus 0 times negative 4 is negative 4.
We already see that these two things
aren't going to be equal, but let's just finish it,
just so that we have a feeling of completion.
This entry right over here is going to be
the second row, first column,
0 times 1 plus negative 3 times negative 3 is positive 9.
Once again, it doesn't match up.
Then finally, 0 times 2 is 0
plus negative 3 times negative 4 is positive 12.
That one actually did match up,
but clearly, these two products are not the same thing.
The order with which even those defined,
it doesn't matter whether you take
the yellow one times the purple one
or the purple one times the yellow one.
Both of those result in a defined product,
but we see it's not the same product.
Once again, another case showing
that multiplication of matrices is not commutative.