The 1890s were a gilded age of sports in America. Backed by the country’s moral and intellectual
elite in the form of ministers and urban reformers, institutions like the YMCA were popularized,
enforcing the rather novel idea of healthful recreation via organized sports. While this
may seem obvious to us today, this was only decades after a time when watching people
walk in a leisurely fashion in circles for days on end was literally one of the most
popular spectator sports in the world. (We can’t make this stuff up.)
But things were turning around in the sporting world. In 1891, basketball was invented as
a safe way to keep track stars in shape in the winter. In 1892 professional American
football got its start. A few years after that in 1895 a sport then known as Mintonette
was developed, today better known as volleyball. The first modern World Series was less than
a decade after that in 1903, as baseball continued its steady growth to becoming one of the most
popular sports in the world. The following year Fédération Internationale de Football
Association (FIFA) was formed in Paris to oversee competition between various international
soccer leagues. Sandwiched between these was the Games of the I Olympiad in 1896- an international
sporting experiment partially modeled after the Ancient Olympic Games, pitting amateur
athletes from across the globe against one another.
It should be noted here that the idea of amateurism was never a part of the Ancient Olympics.
Some historians speculate that the notion was popularized by the British elite to maintain
their dominance in sports over those who didn’t have the financial cushion to spend their
days training. As historian Bill Mallon notes, “Amateurism really started when the people
who were rowing boats on the Thames for a living started beating all the rich British
aristocrats." On that note, when two British embassy servants,
Edward Battell and Frank Keeping, tried to enter the 1896 Olympics in cycling, there
was a push to get them banned for not being amateurs, with the bizarre reasoning being
that, because they were not gentlemen, they should not be considered amateurs. This argument
was thrown out, however, by the Greek organizers, who were not so elitist, and the two were
allowed to compete. Back across the pond, the colleges that would
eventually form the Ivy League are where most of the inaugural U.S. Olympic team was drawn
from. Specifically, these first United States Olympic athletes comprised of a group of 14
men that primarily came from either Princeton University or the Boston Athletic Association,
the latter consisting mostly of then current or former Harvard students, with the exception
of one student from MIT, a student from Boston University, and a unique case in a 28-year
old named James Connolly. What made Connolly somewhat different from
the rest of the group was that he was one of 12 siblings born to poor Irish immigrants.
Through his own hard work, he managed to be accepted to Harvard, albeit at a much later
age than most of his peers. This was primarily owing to the fact that he worked through his
high school years, rather than attending school. He would later remedy this gap in his education
via self-study, culminating in his acceptance into Harvard. However, when he requested a
leave of absence from Harvard to attend the Olympics, unlike the wealthy students, his
request was denied, forcing him to quit school to go, which he did. Although upon returning
he could have re-applied to Harvard, he chose not to try. Over a half century later, due
to certain prestigious accomplishments he achieved throughout his lifetime, Connolly
was offered an honorary doctorate by Harvard, but he refused it.
In any event, with the help of the newly formed United States Olympic Committee, founded by
one-time Princeton and later Columbia history professor, William Sloane, all but one of
students who needed leaves of absence were granted such and funds were raised for the
journey primarily via prominent connections. With the logistics taken care of 12 of the
men headed off to Athens, while Harvard graduate John Paine went to France to collect the 14th
member of the team, his unsuspecting brother Sumner. Not contacting his brother in advance
that he was coming, nor to tell him about the Games, John simply showed up at Sumner's
office in Paris. Sumner later noted of this, “The last of March I came home to luncheon
one day and found my brother, Lieutenant J. B. Paine, sitting in my office. I had not
the slightest idea that he was on this side of the pond. "When does the next train start
for Athens?" said he. “I don't know,” said I. "Well," said he, "find out, and get
your revolvers and we will go there, for the Boston Athletic Association... has sent a
team over, and... we may be able to help out the Americans."”
After that, the pair gathered up their many guns (they weren't sure what type would be
used in the Olympics) and about 3,500 rounds of various ammunition, just in case, and headed
to Athens to join their teammates in the first Olympiad.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the architect of the Modern International Olympics, originally
wanted to have the Olympics in his hometown of Paris, but the Greeks were enthusiastic
enough about hosting the games that he was convinced to launch them in Athens.
Coubertin’s decision was also strongly influenced by a Greek philanthropist who died in 1865.
Evangelis Zappas had the same idea to revive the ancient Olympics as a national event,
which he did briefly in 1859. Zappas died soon after but left his fortune to the creation
of an Olympics that would be held every four years. Just as importantly, Zappas had refurbished
the Panathenaic stadium from ancient times into a modern facility which helped connect
the ancient and the modern. Still, despite the fact that crowds over 100,000
strong turned up to watch, the inaugural Athens Olympics was more of an experiment than a
serious effort to bring the best athletes in the world to one set of competitions. As
such, the overall performances at the first Games did not come anywhere close to approaching
the world records for the various events. Further, the Games were staged on a shoestring
budget, with many elements being improvised on the fly.
Nowhere is this more evident than the inaugural tennis tournament where a UK Member of Parliament,
John Pius Boland, was in Athens simply to visit a friend, Thrasyvoulos Manos. Manos
happened to be one of the organizers of the Games and convinced Boland to enter on a whim.
Boland subsequently took first in both the singles and doubles tennis tournament. In
the latter medal victory, likewise on a whim, he teamed up with the first person he defeated
in the singles competition, German runner Friedrich Traun. (Note: at these first Games
the first place winner won a silver and the second place a copper, but the applicable
competitors were later awarded the now common set of prizes, so we'll just refer to the
first three victors as Gold, Silver, and Bronze winners.)
Due to lack of world-wide interest and publicity, as well as the difficulty and expense of traveling
long distances at the time, around 200 of the 250 athletes from the 14 nations who were
represented at the Games were Greek. Despite this, arriving teams were celebrated on their
arrival. American high jumper Ellery Clark described the procession:
“The streets were thronged with people. There was a brass band welcoming us insistently,
overwhelmingly. Banners - blue and gold for the Boston Athletic Association, orange and
black for Princeton - were waving above the crowd. As if by magic, a procession formed.
We found ourselves engulfed, marched away - we knew not whither; the quiet hotel became
a distant dream. It was some building of governmental significance
that we finally arrived. Our welcome was magnificent. There were speeches, cordial, we had no doubt,
long, we were certain. There was champagne, much of it, and until we were able to explain
the reason for our abstinence, international complications threatened. Training? What did
that signify? A strange word. Come, a glass of wine, to pledge friendship. No? Very well,
then, so be it. Strange people, these Americans! Yet they forgave us courteously enough. We
had a welcome of the finest, and it was late indeed when we at last reached the haven of
the Angleterre.” As to why this small, seemingly insignificant
contingent of athletes from across the pond was seemingly celebrated most of all of all
the foreign contingents, Jim Reisler, author of Igniting the Flame explains:
“The arrival of the American team instantly transformed the Olympic Games into a nearly
global event. No longer were the Games a collection of Europeans but rather an event that went
a long way toward fulfilling Baron de Coubertin’s vision of worldwide sport.”
To get to the Games, the American team had to spend 12 days aboard a steam ship, during
which they only managed short stints of practice. Clark noted in an article published on March
9, 1911, “Our first thought, of course, was to keep
in good condition during the voyage, and to accomplish this we cast about us for the best
means of getting our daily exercise. The captain, after a single glance at our spiked shoes,
promptly forbade their use upon his much-prized decks. Yet rubber-soled shoes did nearly as
well, and every afternoon we put on our running-clothes and practiced sprinting, hurdling and jumping
on the lower deck. My own specialty, the high jump, was rendered
especially interesting by the pitching and rolling of the vessel. It all depended upon
whether you left the deck at the moment the vessel was bound up or down. If the deck was
going up, about two feet was the limit which you might attain; if down, there came the
glorious sensation of flying through space. A world's record appeared to be surpassed
with ease; and your only fear was of overstaying your time in the air, and landing, not upon
the decks again, but in the wake astern.” (Note: high jumpers did not yet use the now
ubiquitous Fosbury Flop which, while a superior jumping method due to not needing one's center
of gravity to ever go above the bar to clear it, would have been highly dangerous to do
on such a rolling ship.) Arriving in Naples, the team took a train
to Brindisi, then another boat to Patras, and finally booked a train to Athens. The
trip lasted 17 days, though by a quirk of the calendar, they left on March 20th and
arrived on March 24th. How? The United States, as with much of the Western
world, was at this time using the Gregorian calendar, but Greece stuck with the Julian
Calendar until 1923. As such, by the Gregorian calendar, these first international Games
occurred from April 6th through the 15th; by the Julian Calendar, however, they occurred
from March 25th through April 3rd. The American's exhausting journey complete,
the athletes arrived in Athens, as mentioned, to great fanfare, much to their surprise.
Despite being given little chance to rest upon arrival, their performance at these Games
ensured that the Olympic experiment would remain a "global" event going forward. On
the first day, Americans Thomas Burke and Francis Lane won their heats of the 100 meter
dash while Harvard dropout James Connolly won the triple jump and became the first Olympic
champion in modern history. Shortly thereafter, Robert Garrett won the shot put.
Remarkably, the aforementioned Paine brothers managed to win Gold and Silver in the 25 meter
sharp shooting competitions with scores of 442 for John and 380 for Sumner vs. 205 points
for the third place competitor, Nikolaos Morakis of Greece. In fact, the brothers were so dominate
the first day that John decided to sit out the second to give his brother and other competitors
a chance to win something. On the second day, Sumner dominated again to take gold in the
50 meter shooting competition. With their two victories in hand, the brothers sat out
the other three shooting competitions to allow others the chance at the spotlight.
In a similar show of sportsmanship, during the 100 kilometer cycle race, only two competitors
actually ended up finishing owing to eight of the original ten dropping out before the
halfway point; ultimately, one of the two remaining competitors, Greece's Georgios Kolettis,
had to stop to repair his bike. Rather than take the opportunity to secure a massive lead,
the other competitor, France's Léon Flameng, stopped as well and waited for Kolettis to
finish his repairs before they both resumed racing. In the end, Flameng took home the
gold with Kolettis finishing not far behind. All total the team of 14 Americans won 20
medals including 11 Gold, 7 Silver, and 2 Bronze. This was second in total medal count
only to Greece's couple hundred athletes who received 45 medals, comprising of 10 Gold,
16 Silver, and 19 Bronze. It should be noted here that the country one
was from and the team to which said individual belonged was not nearly as emphasized as it
is today in these first Games, at least not at the event itself; this is evidenced by
the aforementioned fact that the Irish John Boland teamed up with the German Friedrich
Traun in the tennis doubles competition. At the time, while one's native country was
somewhat emphasized and noted (such as in the raising of the victor's country's flag
upon winning, though in Boland's case they raised the British flag, rather than Irish,
to his slight annoyance), the focus was far more on the individual athlete. In fact, only
Hungary bothered to wear any national colors or have any sort of common uniform among their
teammates. Most competitors simply wore their normal athletic clothing or, in the case of
the American competitors, their home athletic club or college colors. (Funny enough, Albin
Lermusiaux from France even wore white gloves while competing in the 100 meter, to quote
him, "because I am running in front of a king.") There was one exception to this overarching
relative lack of team patriotism at the Games' themselves and it was an event the American
competitor, Arthur Blake, didn't even manage to finish, dropping out at the 23 km mark,
despite at the time being in third place. That event was the Marathon.
According to the aforementioned American high jumper Ellery Clark, "The Greeks seemed to
feel that the national honor was at stake, the excitement was so great as to be almost
painful, and on all sides we heard the cry, 'The other events to the Americans; the Marathon
to a Greek!'" As the race finished, he stated, "Slowly the
moments dragged, and then, on a sudden, a murmur rose in the long line of watchers outside
the entrance, a murmur grew to a shout, and then swelled to a vast roar... And a moment
later, panting, dusty, travel-stained, but still running true and strong, Spiridon Louis,
a young Greek peasant, burst into the Stadium, the winner of the race, and the idol of his
people." Of course, 13 of the 17 racers in the Marathon
were Greek, so they had good odds on victory. In the end, the marathon was one of the few
events the Americans performed extremely poorly in, not even managing to complete it. Why
is this so notable? Because when the Boston Athletics Association members returned home,
they were determined to up their Association's game in the sport and soon founded the then
curiosity and now world famous Boston Marathon, an event still run by the Boston Athletics
Association today. In any event, as far as coverage back in the
United States of these first Games, the American newspapers gave the Olympics virtually no
mention at first. In fact, what little coverage it did receive was largely negative. For instance,
the New York Times noted, “The American amateur sportsman should know
that in going to Athens he is taking an expensive journey to a third-rate capital... where he
will be devoured by fleas... and where, if he does win prizes, it will be an honour requiring
explanation.” However, once the small team began dominating
on day one, the Boston Globe, the Boston Herald and the formerly naysaying New York Times
carried headlines of the victories. Soon after, most newspapers in the country started giving
daily coverage of the Games and the United States' team's progress, planting the seeds
that would ensure the popularity of the Olympics in the United States going forward, helping
the Olympics continue to be seen as an global event.
In 1911, gold medalist Ellery Clark summed up the 1896 Games:
“Other Olympic games, held later, were to attract greater numbers of athletes, were
to result in the making of more remarkable records; but for the time itself, nothing
could equal this first revival. The flavor of the Athenian soil, the feeling of the helping
to bridge the gap between old and new - the indefinable poetic charm of knowing oneself
thus linked with the past, a successor to the heroic figures of old, the splendid sportsmanship
of the whole affair. There is but one first time in everything, and that first time was
gloriously and in a manner ever to be remembered the privilege of the American team of 1896.”