On February 9, 1913 an extraordinary and unique phenomenon was observed by multiple witnesses
across Canada, the US and the island of Bermuda.
Known as the Great Meteor Procession, this event seems to suggest that Earth once had,
at least for a time, a second, small natural satellite.
Think about that, that would mean that up until 1913 Earth technically had two natural
moons.
Over a hundred reports exist of this phenomenon and what they indicate is that between 40
and 60 very slow moving fireballs arranged in groups moving in what appeared to be an
identical path crossed the sky over the course of several minutes.
This would be unusual for a normal meteorite, those tend to be lone wolves.
It would be less unusual for a meteor shower, though those tend to involve dust grains and
the apparent size of these fireballs would be more consistent with sizeable meteorites.
Meteor showers also tend to be fairly predictable events.
They happen at the same time each year as earth passes through debris field left in
the trail of comets that have crossed our orbit at some point in the past.
Meteor showers also exhibit something called a radiant, this is a point in the sky where
meteors, if you trace them backwards, appear to originate.
Astronomer Clarence Chant determined from the reports that The Great Meteor Procession
did not have a radiant, and instead seems to have followed a great circle trajectory.
There are thought to be two possible reasons for this.
The parent object might have encountered earth before, grazed the atmosphere at a shallow
angle and skipped back out into space.
This is not unheard of, a rather large fireball was witnessed doing just that over western
North America in 1972.
Once back in space it might have broken up into pieces setting up for the multiple fire
balls observed when it encountered earth again and was drawn in.
The second possibility is that whatever was the source for the meteors was formerly in
orbit of earth.
Now, bodies in the solar system, including earth, can capture other objects such as asteroids.
Quite a few of the smaller moons in the outer solar system are believed to be just that,
captured asteroids.
They can eventually end up in stable orbits if the conditions are right, or they can orbit
for a time in a decaying orbit.
The latter may have been what happened here.
But there's another possibility and while it's sort of one of those old, dusty theories
within space science that not a lot of people remember it was at least intriguing at the
time.
Astronomer John O'Keefe proposed that instead the material that made up the fireballs was
instead a remnant of a ring system Earth might have had at one time, similar to Saturn.
This ring system would have been produced by the action of lunar volcanos long ago when
they were still active, which relates to another theory of O'Keefe's that tektites, a group
of natural glasses that show clear evidence of once having flown aerodynamically through
the atmosphere, originated on the moon.
His main evidence for this was a curious lack of water in tektites, internally they are
very dry for something that originated on earth.
The theory was given serious consideration by science at one time.
However subsequent studies of tektites have shown that they are most likely generated
from earth rock melted during crater-forming asteroid impacts.
The evidence for this has accumulated and is now pretty convincing but it doesn't really
answer O'Keefe's ring theory.
Might the moon early in its history have sprayed materials far enough out into space to form
a planetary ring system around earth?
There really isn't much evidence for it unfortunately, other than potentially the Great Meteor Procession.
And with that, no associated meteorites were ever found so we may never know the origins
of this event.
But it's at least fun to imagine planet earth with a second tiny moon, or even a ring long
ago in the past.
Thanks for listening!
I am futurist and science fiction author John Michael Godier currently plugging my second
channel.
It's dedicated to science fiction and the science behind it and in a not-so-creative
frenzy one night I named it John Michael Godier II, link in the description below and be sure
to check out my books at your favorite online book retailer and subscribe to my channel
for regular, in-depth explorations into the interesting, weird and unknown aspects of
this amazing universe in which we live.