Hey, Vsauce. Michael here.
Why do humans play games? Whether it's a video game or a board
game or a physical game, like soccer - or football. I don't have to put the ball in
the net to survive, and, even if I did, why would I invite a goalie and another team?
Games are weird. This lead Bernard Suits to say in the 70's that a game is a voluntary
attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles. So, why do we play sports and games? How should
we feel about intellectualism vs. athleticism? But, most importantly, why do Americans call
this game soccer while the English, and the rest of the world, call it football?
It turns out that the word "soccer" doesn't come from the United States of America. Instead,
the blame for the word goes to the British themselves, specifically Oxford, where, since
1875, it has been popular to add the suffix "-er" to the end of words. For example, calling
Radcliffe Camera the "Radder," or these "fivers" and "tenners."
We have been playing games with balls and our feet ever since ancient times, all over
the world. In fact, as recently as 200 years ago, many of these games called themselves
"football." A lack of standardization meant that it was difficult to all come together
and agree on what you could and couldn't do with the ball or your feet. But, luckily,
in 1863 the Football Association was founded in London, England. Association football is
what we most commonly mean nowadays when talking about football, or soccer. But what's the connection
if the Oxford "-er" was added to Association football, shouldn't we be calling the game
"Association-er?" Well, let's take a closer look at the word "association." You see what's
hiding in there? There she is. "Soccer."
But we're getting ahead of ourselves because soccer, football, is just one type of game.
Ultimately, what is a game? Well, one of my favorite ways of defining "game" comes from
computer game designer Chris Crawford. Let's begin with a book. This is a great book, it's
really fun, it's entertaining, but it's not a game. TV shows and movies are also not games
because, fundamentally, they aren't interactive. But as soon as something is both fun and
interactive, well, now we've got ourselves a play-thing. There are two types of play-things,
according to Crawford. If you can play with the object and it's fun but there's no goal
or objective associated with it, it's a toy. If, however, there is an objective, something
you're supposed to accomplish, well, now you're talking about a challenge. But there are two
different types of challenges. If the challenge involves no other people or other agents,
it's just you, for instance, playing alone with a Rubik's Cube, you've got yourself a
puzzle. If, however, there are other people involved, well, now we've got ourselves a
conflict.
In a conflict, like a foot race, you aren't allowed to interfere with the other participants.
This is what Crawford calls a "competition." If, however, you are allowed to interact with
and interfere with the other players and they can do the same to you, well, in that
case, we are talking about a full-fledged game.
So, a game is interactive, goal-oriented, and involves other agents, for instance, other
people who can interfere with and influence each other. Which means, technically speaking,
that life is a game. I mean, real life. My life, your life, easily fit many definitions
of "game." And, in life, there are games that we tend to call "sports." Now, competency
at sports can divide humanity into two groups. Jocks, who are good at sports, and nerds
who aren't. Jocks are literally named after the Jock Strap, which keeps your genitals
supported while being athletic. But jocks are cool, right? They're fit, attractive,
they get invited to all the cool parties where, in high school, they can do dangerous, cool
things like get drunk. And who are you if you don't get drunk? Well, what's the word
"drunk" backwards? You are a "Knurd." But that's not the origin of the word "nerd."
There's much debate about where the word comes from, but what we do know is that it emerged
as a slang term for "lame" or "square" in Detroit in the early 1950's.
The first known use of the word in print came from Dr. Seuss himself and, fundamentally,
it may come from the word "nut," which meant a crazy person, and was later altered to "nert,"
and, finally, "nerd." It exists today as a word for un-athletic people largely because it
was popularized through its frequent use on the US TV show "Happy Days."
Whether your spend your time on athletic pursuits or intellectual pursuits, or both, games,
in some form, are a part of your life. So, why do we play games?
Humans, and many other
animals, play. And, perhaps, "play" originated as a way of physically preparing our bodies
for life's real challenges later on. That idea makes sense, but the evidence isn't convincing
because, in the wild, "play" can often lead to a wasting of precious resources, injuries
and hardly comes close to simulating real attacks and life-threatening situations.
The New York Times wrote a great article about this conundrum, pointing out that physically
preparing the body may be less of a priority for "play." Instead, the point of "play" might
be preparing the brain. Play is good for the brain, especially during formative, juvenile
years, when most of us have an instinctive urge to goof around, play and pretend anyway.
Young rats confined to cages with adult rats, who refused to play with them, grew up with
smaller, less developed brains. This has led to the hypothesis that games play a role in
the development of certain brain structures, especially the cerebellum when we are young.
But, to be clear, the evidence does not show that play is vital for the development of
these regions. Other methods, like exercises or teaching, may have a similar effect.
They might not be as fun, but this is known as equifinality. So there's debate as to just
how vital play and games really are. Well, let's take a look at the rewards that games
give us.
In the first half of the 20th century, Abraham Maslow constructed a hierarchy of human needs.
The concept is popular in developmental psychology as a way of thinking about human growth and
what motivates us to do things or to not do things. In general, until the needs of
a lower tier are fulfilled, an individual can't move on to fulfilling higher ones. For
instance, achieving confidence, or satisfying the desire to learn and explore, aren't important
to a person in fear for their life and safety. Play might be motivated by higher needs. Animals
play, but as we've seen in nature, not the ones who are stressed or starving.
The thing is, lower needs tend to be pretty clear cut. If I'm hungry and I eat what I
need, I'm done. It's not that complicated. But, as creatures and brains and cultures
become more complicated, so do their needs and the behaviors required to fulfill them.
This brings us back to the fact that life itself fits Chris Crawford's definition of
a game. Arguably, life is the largest and most complicated game on Earth. But playing
your life usually isn't as easy as simply remembering to eat and drink and breath.
In life, knowing what the correct next move is isn't always easy. Feedback is rarely immediate.
I don't know if the choices I made were the best, most perfect choices for me until way
after I've made them, if even then. Is this person, or city, or career right for me?
In life, the rules are complicated, the goals are indeterminate and the methods for achieving
them are often unknown or different for every single person. Plus, the rewards themselves
are often slow to come or non-existent.
So, in the face of all of that, it's no surprise that we invented games within the larger game
of life itself that ensure fast, easy-to-achieve and understandable rewards.
Animals play too, but the complexity of rules humans follow in their games, in many ways
reflect the complexity of the needs we find ourselves able to pursue.
In life, I don't always know the right choice. I don't know the right job to apply for.
How to explain something to a child. How to best help my friends or when to call my mom.
But in Bomberman, I know exactly what every power-up does, every time, all the time.
In poker, a royal flush beats two-of-a-kind, no question about it. Couldn't be more clear.
But in my life, is an acquaintance or colleague really on my side? Well, in team sports there's
no unknown, everyone is color-coded.
Games and sports are a phenomenal way to feel the rewards we need, without all of the unknowns
of life. Even watching games and sports, merely being a spectator, can fulfill some of Maslow's
needs. I can feel a sense of belonging by supporting a team, and by supporting a team,
their successes can kind of become my successes.
What a great way to get respect without doing a lot of work. It's known as BIRG-ing: Basking
In Reflected Glory. The opposite is CORF-ing: Cutting Off Reflected Failure. If a team is
disgraced, I can easily say I was not really ever that big of a fan anyway.
BIRG-ing and CORF-ing extend beyond sports. We BIRG and CORF workplace projects, school
projects, celebrities, election candidates. The point is, life is a game, but winning
and losing are nebulous. So, we invented simpler games to provide psychological rewards faster
and more efficiently than life itself does. Which is why, at their darkest, games can
lead to procrastination or addiction.
But don't fear. You have the potential to become a jock at the game of life, it's just
not always that fun. And whenever you play man-made games, rest assured that it's simply
because you, and all of us, are able to pursue the fulfillment of needs higher than any other
creature on Earth.
And as always,
thanks for watching.
Oh, and if you want some soccer science, why not check out my video with Copa90,
where we investigate
whether or not it's possible to kick a football with so much spin that it not only curves,
but boomerangs back to the kicker.
Okay, bye.