- [Trainer] We will be discussing
the introduction to design workflow.
There are four main steps for the design line
and most of the brainstorming will occur
during this process.
Next, we have the basic solution.
Then we will Optimize this basic solution best fit
for our system.
And finally we will consider tolerance
and manufacturability.
So for the first phase, the idea phase,
this is where we will answer some questions,
such as what is the purpose of this system?
What type of system is needed to achieve this goal?
So is it an imaging, an illumination, or a laser system?
And finally, what specifications are required.
Once we've answered those critical questions,
it's time to come up with a basic solution.
Once the goals are identified
and specifications for the optical system are set
we could create a basic design solution
which is going to serve as an initial draft.
And this solution should be very minimal
and designed only to achieve the general functionality
without focusing on manufacturing tolerances
or performances just yet.
There are three different solution types
for your basic solution
and we will go through each one of them.
So the first one is a finite/finite conjugate.
This means that light comes from a definitive source
and as it exits the system
it focuses to a single spot.
For the infinite/infinite conjugate
light comes in from infinity as a collimated beam,
the diameter is adjusted through the system.
And finally, the exiting beam has a new diameter
but is still collimated.
Then finally, for the third solution type
infinite/finite conjugate
a collimated light is focused to a single spot.
So as we can see the parallel lights
coming in from infinity
closing into a definitive end point.
In order to help you possibly categorize
what your application type might need for a solution,
here are some common applications
for the three different solution forms.
So for finite/finite conjugate
we have electronics inspection,
relay systems and machine vision.
For infinite/infinite
we have telescopes or beam expanders.
And finally, for infinite/finite conjugates
auto collimated meters,
infinity corrective objectives and imaging projection.
Of course just having those application examples alone
may not help you in identifying which solution type you need
if your application is different than those examples.
So to help you with that,
we will discuss the paraxial solution.
The paraxial solution are simple solutions
under ideal perfect lens conditions
in which the calculations do not regard apparitions
caused by lens thickness,
radius of curvature, dispersion or glass type.
And it assumes a small angle measurements.
And if you are unfamiliar,
aberration is the spreading
out of light over some region
of space rather than being focused to a point.
So a good example of this is if all the rays
are not focused to a precise point,
but instead are kind of scattered around this point,
you may see a blurry vision.
The paraxial solution will help in determining
which of the three solution forms
will be needed for your systems application.
A fundamental component of solving
for the paraxial solution is called a Ray Tracing
and Ray Tracing is the act of mechanically tracing a ray
through an optical system
while calculating angles of refraction
and reflection at each surface.
This is the primary method to determine
a system's optical performance.
While we won't go into many details
on Ray Tracing or finding the paraxial solutions
you can learn more about these two things
through the Optics Academy course number two
called optics review.
We will, however, discuss some general rules of thumb
for Ray Tracing.
So there are three,
the first one being highlighted in the purple.
So the first rule is that rays entering the lens
parallel to the axis
will pass through the second focal point.
So we can see that happening here with our purple ray.
It is traveling towards the lens parallel to the axis
and bending out of the lens in a way
such that it passes through the second focal point.
For rule number two in the yellow,
rays passing through the center of the lens
will not be refracted
and will continue to travel a straight path.
So any Ray passing through the center of the lens
is not going to bend throughout its path
and will travel straight through.
And then finally, for rule number three in green,
rays which pass through the first focal point
prior to entering the lens
will exit the lens parallel to the axis.
So rule number three is kind of like the inverse
of rule number one.
So instead of entering the lens parallel to the axis
it will exit the lens parallel to the axis.
And instead of exiting the lens,
passing through the second focal point,
it will enter the lens passing through
the first focal point.
And it's also important to note
that these three rules are also true
and applicable for both convex and concave lenses.
Here are just a few variables
for the paraxial solutions and their definitions.
You can feel free to read through these.
However, these are all labeled on the previous slide
which you can refer back to need be.
Now that we've come up with our basic design solution
we can Optimize this to better fit your application.
Optimization is necessary
to improve your initial basic design solution.
Now that you've come up with the basics design solution
for your application, it is time to optimize.
Optimization is necessary
to improve your initial basic design solution
and it will help your system near its key specifications.
Luckily, OpticStudio offers a few tools
to make optimization easy.
To explore a few of these tools offered by OpticStudio.
you may open a sample project
following the steps highlighted in yellow.
However, you will be walked
through a full sample project at the end of the course.
So if you would not like to do this right now, that is okay.
The first tool offered by OpticStudio
is the optimized tool
and this can be reached on a keyboard shortcut
with control shift O.
This is an automatic local optimization
which allows you to select algorithm type,
number of cycles and number of cores.
Again, we won't go into the technicalities
of each of these functions in this section,
as those will be covered later on in the course.
But the purpose of this video
is to introduce you to the options
that you are provided with.
Next, we have the merit function editor,
or the button F six on your keyboard.
This will allow you to define, modify
and review the system merit function.
The merit function is a function which measures
how well the actual data fits the desired results.
So smaller merit functions mean better agreement
between actual data and desired data.
Every surface can be toggled
between variable and non-variable.
And setting a surface to be a variable allows
the software to automatically adjust these values
to best fit when optimizing.
Finally, in the design workflow process
we have tolerance and manufacturability.
Tolerance is permissible limits
of variation in physical dimensions, properties
or other significant measurements to the product or system.
In simpler terms, tolerance is just an allowable error
and there will be more on this in section six.
Manufacturability is how manufacturable a product is
considering factors such as tolerance
cost rate and quality.
Down below there's an image
of the manufacturing triangle
and this shows you
the three key components of manufacturability.
When one changes
the other two will also adjust accordingly.
So the three main components are scheduling
or timing of production.
Cost, how much will it cost to make this product?
And quality, how good does the quality
of this product need to be for its given application?
The best design solution
will usually fall somewhere in between.
So a good balance of low tolerances
and high manufacturability is ideal.
An in-depth detail on tolerancing
and calculating these tolerances
can be found in the courses
seven through 10 in OpticsAcademy.
Design for Manufacturability
or DFM is a general engineering process
of deciding products early on
to optimize the components of the manufacturing triangle.
So lowering costs, improving quality
and reducing time to market.
There are five different parts to the DFM.
We have process, design, material, environment
and finally testing and compliance.
So in the DFM the process is
what is the best method of manufacturing
for this product and which manufacturing process
will deliver the required quality
of the product at a reasonable cost?
So this is where we think about
how we want our product to be made.
Next, we have material.
So material properties to consider our thermal
optical, flammability, electrical,
mechanical, and aesthetic.
And then finally for the third part, we have design.
This is where we consider design of physical components
which must be realistic and producible,
and geometry and other considerations are critical here.
Next in the DFM we have environmental considerations.
So some questions to answer are
where is this product intended to be used
and what environments could this product
possibly be put to off nominal use?
So if we think about any optical system,
the system will not be designed nor built the same way
if the intended location is an outer space
versus if the intended location of (indistinct) on earth.
And then finally in compliance.
Products must comply with company, third-party
or other safety standards.
So it's a good practice
to continuously check your system
against these standards
to make sure that they comply.