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- [Alex] Here's a fact about economic growth
that might seem counterintuitive.
During World War II, Germany and Japan suffered heavy losses.
Millions of people were killed.
Entire cities were flattened. Roads, bridges, factories,
and other resources critical to an economy were destroyed.
Yet, following World War II,
Germany and Japan both grew quickly.
In fact, they grew much faster than did the United States.
Many people wondered what was going on.
Why were the losers of the war growing faster
than the winners?
Here's another puzzle.
In the past several decades,
China has been growing at astonishing rates of growth --
7 to 10% per year. Remember, at those rates,
the standard of living -- it's doubling every 7 to 10 years.
In contrast, in the advanced economies, like the United States,
Canada, or France, they're growing around 2% per year,
doubling only once every 35 years.
So here's the puzzle.
In the previous talks, we said that the way
to get a high standard of living and economic growth is
to have good institutions, like property rights,
honest government, political stability,
a dependable legal system, and competitive and open markets.
But in each one of these cases, there's no question
that the advanced economies have better institutions
than does China.
Plus, the advanced economies -- they've got more human
and physical capital.
So if the advanced economies have got better institutions
and more capital, why are they growing slower than China?
To solve these puzzles, we're going to be drawing
on an important economic model: the Solow Model of Economic Growth,
named for Robert Solow, who won the Nobel Prize.
The Solow Model will help us to better understand
the dynamics of growth.
The Solow Model is also going to help us to draw
a distinction between two types of growth:
catching up growth and cutting edge growth.
As we'll see, catching up can be much faster than growing
on the cutting edge. Now, you might ask,
"What's an economic model?"
An economic model is a simplified framework
that helps us to understand a more complex reality.
We're going to be using a super simple version
of the Solow Model that boils economic growth
down to just a few key variables and some basic mathematics.
Now, although it's simple, the Solow Model can provide us
with some deep insights into the causes of growth.
A key part of the model is a production function --
a simplified description of how resources, inputs,
are used to produce output.
So let's take a look at some of the inputs
into our production function.
The first key input is us, people.
We use the letter "L" to represent labor.
The more educated people are, the more effective their labor.
So we can multiply L by "e" for education.
Together, these two variables represent human capital.
Next up is physical capital, represented by the letter "K."
K is all of our factories, and tools, and so forth.
Last, but certainly not least, is ideas,
represented by the letter "A."
A represents all of our knowledge about how to combine capital
and labor to produce valuable output.
Everything from how to transport stuff without carrying it
on your back, to how to keep diseases from spreading,
to how to add up 1,000 numbers in a fraction of a second.
A is ideas, and better ideas mean that we can get more bang
for our buck, more output from the same inputs
of capital and labor.
We can think of human capital, physical capital, and ideas
being used together to produce output.
That's the idea of our production function.
Now, right now our production function is very abstract.
But in future videos, we're going to boil it down even more
and make our production function concrete.
We're going to start in the next video by taking
a closer look at how capital -- machines, factories, roads,
and so forth -- how capital contributes to economic growth.
Let's dig in.
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