JUDY WOODRUFF: The challenge of police confronting someone in the midst of a full-blown mental
illness episode was on stark display in Rochester, New York this summer, when it was revealed
that police killed a black man there, and protests erupted for several days.
This issue has been one that our colleagues at Rocky Mountain Public Television have been
reporting in their own community.
As John Ferrugia reports from Denver, law enforcement officers are often on the front
lines of dealing with mental illness. And the criminal justice system is the path for
access to treatment.
CPL. RICHARD JONES, Pueblo, Colorado, Police Department: Dispatch, where was he last seen?
We get a call, basically, of a man with a weapon.
JOHN FERRUGIA: It happens thousands of times a year across Colorado and around the country.
Police are called about a person in a mental health crisis who wants to harm themselves
or others.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: Hey, put your hands up. Put the weapon down. Don't move.
JOHN FERRUGIA: As officer Richard Jones of the Pueblo, Colorado, Police Department walks
up, he sees the man turn toward him with a gun in hand. Jones has his own gun out and
ready.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: Put the weapon down! Put the weapon down! Put the weapon down!
JOHN FERRUGIA: Jones sees the man is wearing a sweatshirt, indicating he is a veteran.
Immediately, Jones uses his crisis intervention training to try to find a hook, some way to
connect.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: I'm a vet! Drop the weapon! Drop the weapon!
MAN: Shoot me.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: Dude, don't do it to another vet! Don't do it to me!
MAN: Shoot me.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: I can't do that, man. I can't do that.
JOHN FERRUGIA: After nearly 11 minutes of having his gun leveled at the veteran, the
tense stand-off ends.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: Just drop it. Just drop it. OK, put your hands on your head for me.
JOHN FERRUGIA: At that moment, the relief of not having to shoot the man was overwhelming.
After gathering himself, as best as he could, he went to the fellow vet and hugged him.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: I'm going to tell you, I'm going to get you some help. We're going
to start right now. I'm going to get you over here to Parkview, and we're going to get it
taken care of, OK?
Love you, bro. Good job, man.
We deal with a lot of these cases, and we get a lot that have weapons with them. There's
days that we're one after the other, after the other. I mean, this is normal. This is
normal. It is part of our job.
But I can't do a burglary in progress because I'm doing -- I'm doing one mental patient
or party having a bad day after another.
JOHN FERRUGIA: And Jones, like so many other officers, is frustrated that his efforts seem
to make little difference.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: There's been numerous times that I have been finished. I have left
this patient with the mental health counselor, left, gone to the station, finished my paperwork,
come back out, and the patient's walking down the street in front of me.
JOHN FERRUGIA: No place to put them.
CPL. RICHARD JONES: No.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Jones' frustration with lack of access to care, and placing people on a
72-hour mental health hold, only to see they are getting little help, is borne out by the
numbers.
In 2018, there were more than 33,000 mental health holds in Colorado, mostly executed
by law enforcement. About 5,000 people were detained more than once.
ROBERT WERTHWEIN, Director, Colorado Office of Behavioral Health: There's no guarantee
in our current safety net system that the individuals will get served with the level
of services they need.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Robert Werthwein is the director of Colorado's Office of Behavioral Health,
tasked with overseeing the state's mental health system.
ROBERT WERTHWEIN: I'd like a model that doesn't require the law enforcement system to be an
integral part of it.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Werthwein says the only way to break the cycle of jailing people with
mental illness is to provide more and varied levels of services across the state.
ROBERT WERTHWEIN: There are a lot of people who need inpatient level of care, but there
are a lot of people who need community-based intense care.
Sometimes, it requires having a social worker drop in daily, saying, did you take your meds
today? Do you have bus tokens to get to where you need to get to? Sometimes, it takes that
much.
KRISTIN LIPSKY, Colorado: I would spend hours Googling on how to get help, where I could
go. And I just couldn't find anything.
They'd start talking about insurance. I'm like, well, I don't have that. So what am
I going to do?
JOHN FERRUGIA: Kristin Lipsky works two jobs, and has worked hard to overcome mental illness.
KRISTIN LIPSKY: When I was 14, I did get admitted to a mental health hospital, and I was diagnosed
with depression.
JOHN FERRUGIA: A year later, when she started drinking and smoking pot, things only got
worse.
KRISTIN LIPSKY: It was in the drug rehab that the counselor sexually assaulted me. After
that happened, I would say I went on a downward spiral. I started using drugs I had never
used before.
JOHN FERRUGIA: It was a day, 3.5 years ago, she was coming down from a high, a day she
threatened her mother with a knife, that deputies were called.
MAN: Sheriff's office! If you're in the house, make yourself known!
JOHN FERRUGIA: It is clear both Kristin, whose paranoia was peaking, and the deputies, armed
with a Taser and a gun, were unsure of what was going to happen.
ROBERT WERTHWEIN: Are you with the military?
MAN: I'm Weld County Sheriff's Office.
JOHN FERRUGIA: The deputies had no idea whether Kristin was armed. They just knew she was
incoherent and saw the shotgun over the fireplace, and Kristin was moving closer to it.
MAN: Get your hand out of your pocket.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Finally, they Tased her.
MAN: She's got the knife!
MAN: She's got a knife!
JOHN FERRUGIA: She stabbed one officer with the knife she had in her pocket. But they
finally subdued her without serious injury.
KRISTIN LIPSKY: I just had a knife.
MAN: That you used on me.
KRISTIN LIPSKY: Because everybody rapes me.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Once in custody, Kristin was given mental health treatment and medication
to stabilize her. She then spent three months in jail, before posting bond to begin daily
treatment.
She pled guilty to a felony in the incident and was sentenced to eight years in custody
in a halfway house. Now she is getting the mental health treatment she couldn't get before
being arrested.
In fact, in Colorado, a primary gateway to mental health care is the criminal justice
system.
JOE PELLE, Boulder County, Colorado, Sheriff: You have to decide what your philosophy is
going to be.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Boulder County, Colorado, Sheriff Joe Pelle is a longtime proponent of providing
mental health services in jail.
JOE PELLE: And if it's warehousing and security, this problem's never going to get solved.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Pelle says the jail population receiving mental health services has grown
from 13 percent in 2002, when he first became sheriff, to now, on certain days, 60 percent.
A lot of people would say, you're not in the jail business anymore; you are in the mental
health business.
CMDR. TIM OLIVEIRA, Boulder County, Colorado, Sheriff's Office: Yes.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Commander Tim Oliveira, who heads the jail programs and support services,
helps inmates get specific mental health services.
CMDR. TIM OLIVEIRA: Jails are becoming these mental health institutions, because people
don't have anywhere else to go.
JOHN FERRUGIA: But in Boulder County, jail services are only the beginning.
Once released, there are ongoing support services to ensure the person does not continue the
cycle of mental health crisis leading to incarceration, with no hope of success.
JOE PELLE: We have put the probation officer, mental health provider, community health,
public health provider, and a case manager all under one roof, so that they're not just
leaving our jail without access to medication or without access to support.
JOHN FERRUGIA: The program is focused on offenders like Joe Dankowski.
JOE DANKOWSKI, Patient: A couple of years ago, I was a mess. I was into drugs. I have
a mental illness.
JOHN FERRUGIA: He has bipolar disorder and suffers from schizophrenia. If you if you
hadn't gone through the Boulder County jail and gotten these services, where do you think
you would be now?
JOE DANKOWSKI: Dead.
MATT JAEKEL, Boulder County PACE Program: We provide people structure.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Matt Jaekel is manager of the Boulder County PACE program. It serves more
than 100 people annually.
MATT JAEKEL: Our entire team knows who you are. You see them daily. We build relationships.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Jaekel acknowledges the up-front costs are expensive, but he contends treatment
for patients like Dankowski vs. jail is a bargain for taxpayers.
MATT JAEKEL: It costs more to put a person in jail and keep them there per day than it
does to utilize our services.
JOHN FERRUGIA: But for most counties with far less funding, mental health programs in
jails are simply not feasible, and that means those in need of service simply languish behind
bars waiting, and often getting worse.
ROBERT WERTHWEIN: We have a safety net system, safety net being the behavioral health system
that guarantees services, right, that doesn't guarantee services. And that's a problem.
The state's failing these people. We can do more. We will do more.
JOHN FERRUGIA: Colorado's governor appointed a mental health task force to figure out how
to reform the system and to pay for the services people need without relying on police.
But the coronavirus crisis has now ravaged the state budget and plans for increasing
mental health services. That means the daily struggle continues for both law enforcement
and those who find themselves in a mental health crisis.
For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm John Ferrugia in Denver.
JUDY WOODRUFF: Thank you, John.
And to note: That report was done before the pandemic.