In this episode, I will introduce the origin and spread of the paternal DNA haplogroup E1b1b,
which is known to belong to Albert Einstein and Napoléon Bonaparte.
Haplogroup E of paternal DNA is the fourth oldest.
In this episode,
we will examine the origin and diffusion route of E1b1b, a branch of E.
Before that, let me show you some of the celebrities known to belong to E1b1b.
Some of the Branches of E believed to have first formed in present-day Sudan, or Ethiopia migrated west.
Others go south.
The group that moved west was mainly the E1 Branch,
and the haplogroup that moved south belonged to E2.
A part of the populations belonging to E1 migrate north.
A group of these make their way south back to the region called the Horn of Africa.
They belonged to E1b1a-V38.
They again migrated west and south of Africa.
Please refer to the linked previous video for detailed migration and distribution of Haplogroups E1a,
E1b1a, and E2,
which are now core members of Africans.
Let's look at the African Great Lakes region for a moment.
This is the main rainfall area in Africa.
The rain concentrated here flows north along the White Nile,
where it meets the Blue Nile and Atbarah Rivers and flows into the Egyptian Delta.
E1b's branches are believed to have migrated north along the Nile River.
E1b1b, also known as E-M215, appears to have first formed 41,400 years ago,
somewhere downstream at the confluence of the Nile and Atbarah Rivers.
E-215 has two anciently formed Branches, E-M35 and E-M281.
Among the sub-haplogroups of E-M215,
it is the only Branch E-M35 identified by a non-Ethiopian native.
It is thought to have formed around 34700 years ago near the Nile River, which flows through Egypt.
The E-M35, in turn, has two known branches: E-V68 and E-Z827.
Most modern people who have a subclade of the M-215 include both.
Perhaps the V68 formed in Egypt 26,000 years ago.
Currently, the highest frequency is seen in the Horn of Africa.
The E-Z827 was most likely firstborn 24,000 years ago in North Africa.
The E-M78 is a subclade of the V68 formed in same Egypt 19100 years ago.
Regions where E-M78 is observed with high frequency, and people carrying this paternal gene are mapped.
At the same time, another branch of V68, V2729,
migrates south of the Italian peninsula.
a branch of Z827 in northern Africa, moved to the Levant 18900 years ago.
Some people from the other branch, M81, have moved to northwest Africa.
Then it spread to present-day Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula.
V12, a subclade of M78, was first formed in Egypt 12400 years ago and is thought to have spread to present-day Ethiopia.
About 11800 years ago,
one of the subclades of the M78, the V22, migrated to the Levant.
V65 moved to northwestern Africa about 11,000 years ago and then spread to Sicily and Morocco.
V32, the branch of V12 formed about 9700 years ago returned to the Horn of Africa region via the Arabian Peninsula.
The V32 can now be found mainly in eastern Africa.
Those belonging to E-V22 head to Balkan via the south of Anatolia.
Eight thousand nine hundred years ago, L618 was formed in the middle of that path,
and people belonging to V13 about 8100 years ago appeared in Balkan.
The time is the earliest possible.
The time to the most recent common ancestor of V13 is 4800 years ago
Furthermore, all the modern members of E-V13 descend from a common ancestor who lived approximately 5,500 years ago.
They also descended from a later common ancestor who carried the CTS5856 mutation.
Its ancestors must have lived in the Bronze Age about 4,100 years ago.
The distribution of V13 was mapped using the dataset of a paper published by Fulvio Cruciani et al. in 2007.
Now, let's take a look at the path and timing of the spread of the E-V13 major branch.
Sub-branches of V13 include CTS8814 and BY6550.
All were formed 4800 years ago.
BY6550 is found in Germany and Scotland.
Subclades of BY3880,
the main branch of CTS8814, spread across Europe.
Let's look at a map of their approximate diffusion path.