- [Voiceover] So, let's draw a blood vessel.
Here is a blood vessel.
In any human, you or me,
there's lots of different blood cells
travelling around in all the blood vessels of the body.
So, you've got your red blood cells,
that I'm drawing here.
But you've also got your T cells,
which are immune cells.
You've also got B cells.
You've also got something called a macrophage.
You've got neutrophils.
You've got little platelets,
which are actually fragments of cells,
they don't have their own nucleoid.
And, all in all, you actually have
about 10 different kinds of blood cells.
And a question you can ask,
which is what we're gonna address in this video,
is where do all these blood cells come from?
Do you know?
I'm gonna draw the answer right now
and see if you can figure out
what exactly I'm drawing.
So, this is a bone.
Because all these blood cells in the body
come from the bone marrow.
And here's the bone marrow that I'm drawing here.
Now, actually it turns out that they don't come
from all the bone marrow of the body.
They come from certain places.
Some of those places are the head of, for example,
the femur, which is the long bone in your thigh.
The head of the humerus,
which is the long bone in your arm.
Those are all long bones.
And they also come from something called flat bones.
These are very simple names,
which I think is always good for us
when we're learning a field.
Flat bones, such as the one I'm drawing here,
which is the sternum.
The sternum is the flat bone in your body
that connects to all the ribs.
Here are some ribs.
Of course, it has ribs on both sides.
So, the blood cells come from
these parts of the long bones
and the flat bones of the body.
And it turns out,
which is interesting and which was not always known,
it turns out that all these blood cells in your body
have one common precursor,
one grandfather, if you will.
So, there's one grandfather cell
that gives rise to all of these guys.
And I'll draw him here. So, here he is. He's purple.
His name is complicated.
He's called a pluripotent.
Pluripotent.
If you ever took Latin,
you might know that
that means sort of able to do anything.
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.
And the reason that he's called pluripotent
is that he is able to give rise
to any of the ten blood cells.
So, hematopoietic stem cell.
You might recall that stem cells
are sort of undifferentiated cells that can give rise
to many different kinds of cells.
So, this grandfather cell gives rise to
two different lineages.
And those two lineages are
the myeloid lineage and the lymphoid lineage.
And each of these lineages gives rise
to many different cells.
The myeloid lineage gives rise to red blood cells,
which are biconcave in shape.
They are the most common of all blood cells.
Now, the myeloid lineage also gives rise to
a big cell called a megakaryocyte.
Now, you might have never heard of this before,
but the megakaryocytes themselves
produce platelets, which I think
that you've probably have heard of.
So, here are platelets.
They're little fragments of cells,
which actually bud off of the megakaryocytes like this.
They kind of squeeze out little pieces of cytoplasm
that become platelets.
And now I have a challenge for you.
Do you think that a macrophage,
which is an immune cell
that likes to eat up invaders like bacteria,
do you think that macrophages come from
the myeloid lineage or the lymphoid lineage?
So, I was surprised to find out that
they actually come from the myeloid lineage.
I was surprised because macrophages
are immune cells,
but they actually come from the same lineage
as red blood cells and platelets.
So here is a...
This is actually not yet a macrophage,
this is a monocyte.
A lot of crazy words here,
but this is a monocyte.
Monocytes actually become macrophages
once they settle down in the tissues.
But, before that, while they're still circulating,
they are monocytes.
And, in addition to the monocyte,
the myeloid lineage gives rise to three guys,
one of whom you have heard of probably,
two of whom you may not have heard of.
I'll just draw them here.
So, the one you might have heard of is the,
I'm running out of space here,
but it's the neutrophil.
Neutrophils are the most common
immune cell in the blood.
The other two are called eosinophils,
which are significantly more rare than neutrophils.
And, even more rare than eosinophils,
are something called the basophils.
So, it's the three phils.
So, now let's go over to the lymphoid lineage.
There's three important cells
that come from this one.
Two of them you've probably heard of.
I'll draw them first.
They're both lymphocytes,
so it makes sense that
they come from the lymphoid lineage.
And those are B cells and T cells.
And if you recall, B cells are the guys
that are going to put out this molecule.
Do you know what that is?
That's an antibody.
B cells make antibodies.
And T cells have their own functions
that you can learn about
in the immune system videos.
Now, the lymphoid lineage also gives rise
to something called,
it actually has a very sort of die morbid name.
It's called a natural killer cell.
Sometimes, we say NK. Natural killer.
So, this is pretty much it.
Here we've got our grandfather cell,
who gives rise to two lines.
You could call these, maybe,
the father cells, if you want.
And these give rise to our whole array of blood cells.
Some of them you've heard of,
some of them you haven't.
You'll hear more about
the ones you haven't heard of in the future.
There's one or two more I wanna mention now
that are maybe a little more complicated.
We have something called a dendritic cell.
And the reason I didn't mention it before
is because the dendritic cells
actually come from both sides,
both lineages, which is confusing.
They can come from the lymphoid
and they can come from the myeloid
by way of monocytes.
So, monocytes can become dendritic cells.
And then we also have another one
coming from the myeloid lineage,
which is actually fairly important.
I could have mentioned it earlier.
It's called a mast cell.
And mast cells are most notable
for causing allergic reactions.
They release histamine.
You know when you have an allergic reaction
you might take an anti-histamine
and you do that so that these mast cells
can't make you feel crummy.