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in the winter of 1944-1945 the people of the netherlands teetered on the brink of starvation
as the allied advanced through the south stalled in the wake of the ill-conceived operation market
garden the dutch government in exile ordered a nationwide railway strike in an attempt to
[ __ ] the occupying german army in retaliation the nazis cut off food shipments to the major
cities in the west in amsterdam rotterdam and the hague supplies are food and fuel rapidly dwindled
forcing citizens to survive on as little as 580 calories a day in desperation many turned to
eating sugar beets and tulip bulbs the latter of which had almost zero nutritional value and were
potentially poisonous making matters worse the winter of 44-45 was one of the coldest
on record causing canals to freeze over and making transport of supplies almost impossible
by the time the allied air forces began making food drops in the spring of 1945 the so-called
hunger winter had claimed the lives of eighteen thousand dutch citizens curiously however one
group of children in a hague hospital appeared unaffected by the famine in fact they seem to
thrive in spite of it the strange case would lead one doctor to solve a mystery which had baffled
medical science for nearly 2 000 years in the year 100 ce the greek physician aratias of cappadocia
first described a rare illness which mostly seemed to affect children its victims
suffered from weakness abdominal pain copious foul-smelling diarrhea and chronic wasting often
dying of starvation and malnutrition regardless of how much food they consumed aratus named the
baffling condition celiac disease after the greek word celiacos meaning abdomen
over the following two millennia the disease would come to be known by many names including chronic
intestinal indigestion intestinal infantilism g herders disease celiac diathesis celiac sprue or
simply sprue but the cause and treatment remained as mysterious as ever researchers in the late 19th
century ruled out a bacteriological cause for the syndrome affected children from all socioeconomic
backgrounds and living conditions indeed it seemed to affect wealthier children more though some
doctors theorized the poorer children simply died before a diagnosis could be made whatever the case
it was eventually concluded that any potential viable treatment for celiac disease would involve
a combination of rest and diet the first doctor to give a modern description of celiac disease
was british pediatrician samuel g of london's hospital for sick children in 1887. gee theorized
that the disease was caused by an overabundance of dairy and starch and recommended that sufferers
adopt a diet of raw meat mussels and toast while avoiding milk rice fruit and vegetables
in 1908 american physician christian argibald herter determined that fats were more readily
tolerated by celiac patients than carbohydrates and recommended a similarly starch-free diet as
we shall soon see both men were significantly off the mark and these special diets did
little to ease their patients suffering the first major breakthrough in the treatment of celiac
disease was made in 1924 by american physician sydney haas who prescribed a diet consisting
largely of bananas the diet was based on house's experiment in puerto rico where he observed that
the villagers who ate large amounts of bread often suffered from celiac while the farmers
who survived mostly on bananas seldom did but unlike ghee and herta's previous recommendations
haase's banana diet actually seemed to work in his influential 1924 paper on the subject haas
described the cases of 10 children with celiac of these the eight treated with the banana diet
made full recoveries while the two left untreated eventually died children from around the country
soon began flooding into haas's clinic while their desperate parents intercepted transport ships
at the docks in order to get their hands on the precious life-saving bananas meanwhile the banana
industry decided to get in on the action and began heavily promoting haas and his new miracle cure
haas would eventually treat over 600 celiac patients over the course of his career saving
the lives of many unfortunately he also made the mistake of claiming his banana diet constituted a
permanent cure thus when his patients eventually returned to their regular diet they inevitably
suffered from an immediate relapse indeed while haas had come tantalizingly close to unlocking the
secret of celiac disease his attention was focused on the supposed curative properties of the bananas
consequently he missed the key factor in the pathology of the disease not what was added
to his patients diets but rather what was missing from it it would therefore take another decade and
the efforts of another pioneering doctor before this two millennia-old medical mystery at last
began to unravel villain carl dicker was born in 1905 in the dutch city of dordrecht he studied
medicine at the university of leyden from 1922 to 1929 and specialized in pediatrics at the
juliana children's hospital in the hague becoming medical director in 1936 at the age of only 31.
in 1932 dicker attended a lecture at the dutch society for pediatrics where a fellow doctor
presented a special medicinal powder meant to combat celiac disease dicker noticed however
that the powder was often administered to patients alongside a regular breakfast of
bread and marmalade and that the consumption of bread nearly always corresponded with a relapse of
symptoms speculating that bread or rather wheat might align at the heart of the celiac mystery
in 1936 dicker became a long-term study on a young boy suffering from the disease over several months
sticker kept the boy on an entirely wheat-free diet and to his delight observed an immediate
and dramatic improvement in symptoms furthermore when the boy returned home to his parents and
resumed his regular diet he suffered an immediate and dramatic relapse based on these and other
cases in 1941 dicker recommended that celiac patients avoid bread and wheat products entirely
and stick to meat fresh fruit and vegetables but as these were in short supply during the war
dicker instead kept his patients on a simple diet of porridge made without wheat flour
but it was the hunger winter of 1944 to 1945 that truly cemented dicker's theory regarding the role
of wheat in celiac within months of the nazis imposing their blockade wheat flour became nearly
impossible to find and bread dropped completely off the dutch menu yet while most of the children
in juliana hospital were miserable for lack of bread those with celiac seemed to thrive with
[ __ ] remarking that to the celiac children the shortage of food was less severe than
the toxic effects of wheat products indeed over the course of the famine the mortality rate of
children with celiac dropped from nearly 35 percent to almost zero and when the famine
ended and bread was reintroduced to children's diet mortality soared back to its pre-war levels
dicker seemed to have finally discovered the true cause of celiac but he had little time
to investigate these findings an ardent patriot dicker actively fought with a dutch resistance
hiding down dalai dam and in the basement of the juliana hospital for this he was arrested
by the gestapo and thrown in jail only being spared execution due to a shortage of doctors
in the netherlands after the war however dicker embarked on a five-year research program to
prove his theories about the origins of celiac disease he worked closely with biochemist j
h van der kamer of the netherlands central institute for nutritional research in ultra
who had developed a method for measuring the fat content of a patient's stools this in turn allowed
dicker and vantacamp to determine the amount of food absorbed by a patient's intestines
when fed various types of cereals this research revealed that while regular wheat flour produced
celiac symptoms purified wheat starch did not disproving the long-held theory that celiac
was caused by starches further research finally succeeded in nailing down the real culprit gluten
a product found in wheat and rye but not in rice or most fruits and vegetables including bananas
research in britain scandinavia and germany soon confirmed dicker's findings and a gluten-free diet
became the standard treatment for celiac in much of the world strangely however this treatment was
slow to be adopted in the united states due to the influence of sydney haas and the powerful banana
lobby as a result celiac remains significantly under diagnosed in the united states compared to
the rest of the world today we understand celiac disease to be an inherited autoimmune disorder
affecting around 100 people worldwide gluten in the diet causes the immune system to attack
the small intestine destroying the fine hair-like projections called villi that line the intestinal
wall this in turn reduces the body's ability to absorb nutrients resulting in the characteristic
cramping fatty diarrhea malnutrition and a host of other symptoms including vitamin deficiency
osteoporosis dermatitis developmental delay and increased incidence of certain cancers but by
following a strict gluten-free diet the vast majority of celiac sufferers are able to live
entirely normal lives for his pioneering work on celiac disease philharm carol dicker was awarded
the very first dick a medal an award specially created in his honor by the netherlands society
of gastroenterology he was also considered for the nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 1962
but his death soon afterward at the age of 57 eliminated him from contention however according
to his colleagues dicker was a humble man and would not have wanted the award anyway he would
have been content knowing that his work had helped make life of sufferers of celiac disease well just
a little bit less of a pain in the eye so i really hope you found that video interesting if you did
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