Hi. It’s Mr. Andersen and this environmental science video 21. It is on environmental economics.
Before we talk about that let’s make sure you have a basic understanding of economics
and there is no better place to start than with the law of supply and demand. Imagine
I want to sell these bobble head dolls but I do not know if there is much of a demand
out there. And so if we make a graph where we have the price on the y and the quantity
on the x we can look at what I am doing, we call that the producer or the supply curve.
And then we can look at the consumer or the demand curve. And so it is the first time
I am selling these. I do not know if people are going to want it. And so let’s say,
looking at the supply curve that I charge four dollars for them. I do not make a bunch
of them. And so that is going to be right here on the supply curve. I do not want to
invest a lot of money, I am not going to make a lot of profit. I do not make many. Now there
is also going to be a demand curve. This is how much they want it. And so if it is really
cheap they want a lot of them. If it is really expensive they do not want very many. And
so if we play this across at four dollars we find that their demand, they demand 40
of them. I have only made 20 of them. And so what do we get? We get a shortage. I did
not make enough of them. And now I know a little bit more. So people want them. There
is demand it looks like. So I am going to go all in. I am going to spend a bunch of
money. I am going to make a lot of them and I am going to charge a lot of money hoping
to get a lot of profit. And so if I charge eight dollars, watch what happens to the demand.
Now the demand is 20, but I have made 40, and so what do I have that this point? We
have a surplus. We have too many of them. And so you can figure out where I am headed
here. What I want to do is I want to make sure that I hit right where those lines cross.
Again there is no graph like this. This is just trial and error, but you want to hit
what is called equilibrium where the price hits the demand. That is economics. Now what
is environmental economics though? It says law of supply and demand is right but what
you are not including are the externalities. In other words to make a bobble head it is
way too cheap. It is cheap because you are using maybe cheap labor. You are making it
in a developing country. Maybe you are polluting the atmosphere. So really your price curve,
or your supply curve should be pushed in that direction. So if we push it in that direction,
what does that mean? We are going to have a new equilibrium at this point. In other
words things are going to cost more if we pay for externalities and people are going
to have less stuff. And so the economy is really the wealth of a country. And a good
way to measure that is through the GDP or the gross domestic product. Now the decisions
that we make are governed by economics. What we are really trying to do is allocate scarce
resources. And we are using those resources through production, making things, consuming
them and then moving them around. So that law of supply and demand applies at this point.
Now the problem is that GDP and supply and demand both do not take into consideration
these externalities. Those are the costs to the environment and ecosystem services. And
a lot of the time what we end up with, for example if we are looking at the atmosphere,
is pollution. We are increasing carbon dioxide levels. It is leading to global warming. And
so a lot of people are putting forth this idea of economics is at the center, that is
going to have our solution. So let’s move towards environmental economics. If you just
let the market go it is not going to solve this problem. We need a sustainable system.
First thing we have to do is replace the GDP. A good alternative would be the GPI or the
genuine progress index that includes these externalities into the wealth of a nation.
We could also add valuation, so give value to these ecosystem services. And then we may
have to do some regulation to decrease the amount of pollution. An example put forward
is this idea of caps. So we are capping the amount of pollution that you have. And then
allowing some of those caps to be traded. There is some controversy there. But the key
point is to understand that we are a highly developed nation. And that other countries
are developing. And there is something called the Kuznet’s Curve and it is this idea that
until your country is wealthy enough to think about the environment and environmental economics
you simply will not. And so if we think of the economy like this, its production and
consumption. So we are taking in energy, using ecosystem services and using resources. And
so this we can think of as a slow economy. It is not consuming much. This would be an
economy that is consuming more energy. More resources. And so a good measure of that is
going to be the gross domestic product. How many things are you producing and therefore
consuming. And so if we look at it in the US the GDP is over 50000 dollars per person.
But there are going to be certain areas where that number is going to be less than 2000.
So we see that same thing of developing versus developed nations. If we look at however the
world over time, from 1950 to 2000, you can see that the GDP keeps going up. And so you
might think, this is great. So countries are getting wealthier. We do not have anything
to worry about. But my model was inefficient. So what I had included was the inputs but
not the outputs. And so what we are really not dealing with is waste. So as the economy
turns, watch what happens to the waste. We deplete the inputs and we increase the outputs.
There is pollution, health concerns. As the economy goes faster waste becomes a bigger
deal. And so some people are putting forth this idea of replacing the gross domestic
product with the GPI or the genuine progress indicator. And what that includes is not just
how much money you are making, but pollution, resource depletion, the health of the people,
education of the people. And if we look at that, that across the world, according to
this progress model, has been flatlined for the last forty years. That means that we are
not advancing. So the market has only brought us so far. And so environmental economics
is how can we use the power of economics to solve this problem. The first one is the idea
of valuation. And so if we look at the economy on our planet, it is 75 trillion dollars.
But remember outside of that we have ecosystem services. Those are things the planet is doing
for free. So for example they are filtering our water, they are taking in carbon dioxide,
they are providing energy. And so we do not pay anything for that. So we should add value
to that. If there is no monetary value to that, people are not going to see value in
it. We also have to discuss the idea of externalities. This pollution coming out of this truck, the
people in the truck are not paying for it. The people who are moving the material are
not paying for it, that increased carbon dioxide and what that is doing to the planet. And
so we have to start discussing those externalities. And it made lead to certain regulations. So
if we are looking at two factories, factory A and B, and they both are polluting. So if
we are saying they are polluting like that. We have to value that pollution. How much
does it cost? What externalities do we have from that? And then we have to regulate it.
So we could set a cap. This is the amount that you can pollute. We call that a cap.
And some people are putting forth this idea of cap and trade. What does that mean? Well
factory A is well within the cap. And you can see that factory B is way outside the
cap. It is polluting too much. And so the idea is that you could trade some of those
credits from factory A to factory B. So you could keep polluting, because it is essentially
within this cap. And in return your going to pay money. Now this weird. We are creating
these economics of pollution, but it has been pretty successful. If we look back at the
acid rain program where we were doing cap and trade with the amount of sulfur dioxide,
it showed some increases. And so a better way to look at sustainable economics is a
model like this. So what we want to do is take the power of that economy and return
those ecosystem services and recycle that waste. Because if we can have a sustainable
system like this we can decrease the amount of waste. And this is something that allows
us to have increase in not only the GDP but the GPI as well. Now what is the problem?
It is that countries are all along the spectrum of development. And there is the Kuznet’s
Curve. And it kind of goes like this. It is this idea that as your economy is increasing,
income is going up, you will actually worsen the environment until you hit a point where
you can start to improve the environment. In other words as a country in growing, they
cannot spend the money on these ecosystem services and they will not. And we also have
problems with globalization now. So once we have a developed country, with really strict
regulations we can move some of those factories to an area where they do not have such strict
regulations as well. And so did you learn the following. Could you pause the video at
this point and fill in the blanks? So the economy remember measures the wealth of a
country. We can use the GDP to measure that. But a better way to do it would be to use
the GPI. We are allocating resources, production, consumption in distribution. Environmental
economics, the key point, through valuation and regulation is that we have a sustainable
system where the economy drives increases in ecosystem services. So that is environmental
economics. And I hope that was helpful.