The case against highly conductive ESD flooring.
NFPA 99 no longer covers conductive flooring.
You may have heard ESD flooring manufacturers refer
to a standard called NFPA 99.
With roots dating back to the 1950s,
NFPA 99 guides health care services
in minimizing the hazards of fire, explosion
and electricity in their facilities.
In 2015, the NFPA removed conductive flooring
from the standard.
But let's forget for a moment that for ESD flooring,
NFPA 99 is defunct.
To meet the NFPA standard, the electrical resistance
of an ESD floor had to measure
no less than 2.5 times 10 to fourth (10E4) or 25,000 ohms.
The resistance test for NFPA 99 is similar
to ANSI/ESD Standard Test Method, STM 7.1.
Both tests measure electrical resistance
or floor's capacity to resist or reduce electrical current.
Neither test reliably simulates a real world environment,
both use a battery operated generator
to apply voltage across the surface
of the flooring material.
Battery-operated generators put out direct
or DC current which flows in one direction.
The electricity in common power circuits travels in waves
or AC, alternating current which periodically changes
or reverses direction.
An independent engineering lab tested the resistance
of ESD floors using both AC and DC currents.
Delivered across an ESD floor, AC currents measured
as much as nine times higher than predicted
by theoretical calculations based on Ohm's Law.
This means, in a real world environment,
electricity will flow across the floor far faster
than predicted mathematically.
That's why when selecting any ESD floor
is crucial to consider safety.
It's also why the FAA in FAA 019e
prohibits conductive flooring that measures
under one times 10 to the sixth (10E6)
anyplace where personnel may come into contact
with energized equipment.
In layman's terms, anywhere electronics
are plugged into an outlet.
While NFPA 99 and ANSI/ESD 7.1 are similar tests,
they differed in one very important way.
The tests for NFPA 99 were done
with 500 volts of electricity.
ESD 7.1 is done with only 10 volts. 10.
That's one 50th the voltage used in NFPA 99.
Why does it matter?
Because some people assume the readings
are interchangeable and they're not.
According to Ohm's Law, voltage correlates inversely
to electrical resistance.
Put simply, less applied voltage yields
a higher resistance reading and vice versa.
The NFPA considers a resistance of 25,000 ohms,
2.5 times 10 to the fourth (10E4) safe if the floor
is tested at 500 volts.
Tested at 10 volts, the same floor would likely measure
over one times 10 to the fifth (10E5) or 100,000 ohms.
Both resistance measurements
are considered safe for applications
where energized equipment is in use
based on their test methods.
Now considered the reverse,
more applied voltage yields lower resistance readings.
Suppose at 10 volts per ESD 7.1,
a floor measures 25,000 ohms.
At 500 volts, the same floor could measure
as low as 2,500 ohms,
a resistance so dangerously low that electricity
would rocket across its surface,
at a rate lethal to humans.
If someone standing on kneeling
on an overly conductive floor to accidentally become part
of a live electrical circuit while servicing
or inspecting electrified equipment for example,
he or she could receive a dangerous electrical shock.
If a manufacturer claims their highly conductive floor
meets the defunct NFPA 99 standard,
be sure to ask how the floor was tested
and exactly how much voltage was applied.
Staticworx produces static control flooring products
that protect sensitive electronic components
from harm caused by electrostatic discharge, ESD.
To learn more about preventing static electricity,
give us a call or visit our website.
Staticworx. We keep you grounded.