(light piano music)
- [Beth] We're standing in The Metropolitan Museum of Art
in the Greek and Roman galleries
and we are looking at a portrait.
This is a Roman sculpture from the late 1st century B.C.
We might be used to thinking about
Ancient Greek and Roman art
depicting people ideally beautiful,
but, in the 1st century, there was a tradition
of depicting people looking old and wise.
- [Jeffrey] The traits here that art historians
tend to call verism, meaning truthfulness,
seem to be motivated by an interest in projecting
one's experience and maybe one's reliability
in a changing political and economic landscape.
And being wrinkled and having saggy jowls may be a way
to project confidence with your official image.
- [Beth] Sometimes these are associated specifically
with portraits of the ancient Roman aristocracy,
the families who have a long lineage
and would display busts of their ancestors in their home,
but that might be true of all of these.
- [Jeffrey] And, in fact, in the 1st century B.C.,
we see a lot of new players in the game
with so called new men,
the men who have made it big in business,
trading, landholding,
who have no ancestry to speak of that's famous,
but still need to project this image of confidence
in public.
- [Beth] What I'm noticing about this figure is
the repeated lines in his forehead,
the way that his brow is pushed together,
so he's got wrinkles between his eyes,
lines around his mouth, and that sense of drooping skin
at the bottom of his face.
- [Jeffrey] It's also his receding hairline
and these venous rings on his neck.
We're supposed to read these as
I've been around and I know the scene.
- [Beth] And these sculptures were painted.
- [Jeffery] We can perhaps imagine the application of paint
to make the directionality of his gaze a bit more focused
and to make his feature stand out a bit more.
- [Beth] Veristic portraits emerged
during the period of the Roman Republic
where Republican virtues,
like perseverance and determination,
might have been valued.
But, Augustus, who becomes Emperor in the 1st century,
begins a very different tradition.
Let's go look at a sculpture in this new Augustan tradition.
- [Jeffrey] We're looking here at a marble bust
of the Emperor Gaius, more commonly known as Caligula,
a Julio-Claudian Emperor who's in power
for only four short years.
- [Beth] So, shortly after Augustus,
and Augustus shifts away
from that veristic tradition and makes his own image
as it's projected in portraits throughout the empire
to be much more in line with Greek classical art,
much more idealized.
- [Jeffrey] Augustus signals a turn away from the verism
towards this classical idealism,
adopting, in his own portraiture,
an eternally youthful athlete's appearance.
And the Julio-Claudian Emperors who follow him,
including Gauis here,
tend to harken back to those Augustan choices.
- [Beth] To me, he looks like an Ancient Greek sculpture.
- [Jeffrey] Well, then they've succeeded.
This idea of eternal youth,
you would not be out of line if you thought
of the God Apollo, who never ages and is always beautiful,
in terms of never having any of the signs of age
that the veristic portraits were trying to play up.
And Gauis here is following that playbook
and having this youthful image,
even having a haircut that evokes that of Augustus
and so the viewer would not have any trouble
in inserting Gauis' portrait into the lineage
of Augustus' family.
- [Beth] This figure turns his head to the right
as though he's looking out at the horizon,
in this all-powerful way.
- [Jeffrey] He is sort of gazing beyond the plane
where the viewer lives
and reflects the fact that there is, by now, a tradition
of turning dead emperors into deified individuals,
adding the word deuce to their title.
- [Beth] So, although Gauis presents himself here
as this timeless, god-like figure
who is perfectly young forever,
the reality of his life and death is far different.
- [Jeffrey] In fact, his very short reign
is quite unpopular.
He makes a lot of enemies,
which ends, ultimately, with his assassination,
and sanction against his image and his name after his death,
which means that his name in public inscriptions
may well have been erased with a chisel
and that portraits like this one
would have been taken down
if not intentionally destroyed or disposed of
in order to cancel the memory of him.
- [Beth] This tension between the veristic tradition
and this Greek idealizing tradition is one that continues.
- [Jeffrey] There is a back and forth tension.
How should the Emperor look
and how should his portrait respond
to those of his predecessors?
By the time we reach the end of the Julio-Claudians,
this idealized beautiful person image
will become a little bit less popular,
and we'll see more of the veristic tendencies
starting to creep back in
towards the end of the 1st century A.D.
- [Beth] So, we're looking now
at an early 2nd century portrait
of the great Roman emperor Hadrian.
- [Jeffrey] Hadrian is so recognizable,
especially because of his adoption of a beard
in his official portrait type,
which set him apart from his immediate predecessors.
- [Beth] The wider face and this wilder hair
with more contrast of light and dark, too.
- [Jeffrey] We also see the sculptor beginning to use
the technique of the drill more to create the locks
that frame his face.
Hadrian's haircut and Hadrian's beard, in fact,
reflect his deep-abiding love for Greek culture.
Rather than thinking of the idealized athlete,
which inspired Augustus' portrait,
Hadrian is thinking about the Greek philosopher
who would lead a philosophical school
and perhaps write philosophical treatises.
And in embracing all of these Greek values of culture,
literature, art, philosophy,
he also projects the enduring legacy
of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean.
- [Beth] This is a time when
the empire is at it's most stable,
but we can look at another portrait
that tells us that we've entered a very different period
in ancient Roman history.
Let's go have a look at Caracalla.
I feel, in some ways, like we've gone back
to that veristic tradition,
because I see those wrinkles in the forehead
and the brow pressed together.
But here, instead of a sense of wisdom,
there is almost a sense of fear and anxiety.
- [Jeffrey] Caracalla's portrait shows us
that images really do reflect the times
in which they are made.
And while we see some of the same sculptural techniques,
the message that is communicated is very different.
And Caracalla is in power in a time
of great political and economic instability,
and his anxious face seems to reflect that reality.
- [Beth] Caracalla comes to power at a time
when Emperors come from the military classes,
not from the nobility.
And he has a beard, much like Hadrian,
although it's much closer cropped,
and the beard seems to be indicated
by lines that are incised into the stone
instead of 3-dimensional modeling of the stone.
- [Jeffrey] Instead of the philosophers beard of Hadrian,
or, more famously, Marcus Aurelius,
Caracalla's beard is more the military camp beard,
the unshaven look.
And the haircut,
which, here, the artist has made with a rough chisel,
is the military camp haircut.
And many of Caracalla's 3rd century C.E. successors
will adopt this similar look
as if they've just come from the military camp
or even just come from the battlefield.
- [Beth] I'm noticing lines
where his brow is pushed together,
lines on the side of his mouth and nose.
It almost forms this X shape that makes him look very stern.
- [Jeffrey] Very stern, very anxious.
Perhaps what the intended effect is
that we think he is very prepared and he is quite vigilant,
and so his hasty appearance means
that he is ready to do what he needs to do
to maintain order.
- [Beth] But this is a time when emperors are assassinated
and rule for shorter times.
- [Jeffrey] Caracalla is assassinated
by one of his chief military officers
while urinating by the side of the road.
- [Beth] A not very noble death.
- [Jeffrey] No, but to someone who was, of reputation,
brutish and tyrannical, may be a fitting end.
- [Beth] He's on a high pedestal,
and that makes it hard for me to try to catch his eye,
but I have a feeling that, even if I were a foot taller,
it would be hard to have the sense
of looking him in the eye.
- [Jeffrey] And we can notice
that the artist has used the drill
to accentuate the centers of the pupils.
And his upcast gaze looks above and away
from the plane of the viewer,
and even in a direction opposite
to that which his face seems to point,
which makes him seem very abstracted,
and perhaps this is another sign of his watchfulness.
- [Beth] And his distance from the people.
- [Jeffrey] And this is increasingly a problem
in the 3rd century,
where a steady stream of short-reigned emperors
have to project a quick and readable image.
And, seemingly, the time for nuanced
and careful consideration of the emperor's image has passed.
Images speak volumes, and in the 3rd century C.E.,
we have to imagine that the ordinary Roman
would have a hard time keeping track of who was in charge,
since there was so much turnover.
- [Beth] It's really fascinating to glean
a history of ancient Rome just through the portraits.
(light piano music)