Some people are especially sensitive to images of animals in pain.
If you're one of these people, don't worry -- the following video contains no images of animal distress.
[electronic theme music]
[music fades to background]
Vegetarianism has been around since the days of ancient Greece and whilst it's still a minority view --
at least in my home country --
we all recognize it as a fairly normal, common, everyday kind of thing.
There is actually some debate about whether or not vegetarianism is on the rise
and part of that is to do with a lot of people /saying/ that they're vegetarian when actually they're not really.
So, for the purposes of this video at least, we'll define "vegetarianism" as "not eating any animals at all."
So let me make this clear:
[booming, echoing] If you eat fish, you are not a vegetarian.
[*ding*]
So are there any philosophical reasons to become vegetarian?
People often say that vegetarianism is healthier for you or better for the environment than eating meat.
But those are practical arguments.
Can we frame any arguments in moral philosophical terms?
Some philosophers have pointed out that producing meat is actually quite a wasteful way of getting food.
If we all became vegetarians, then we'd need less land to grow that food.
And since there are so many starving people in the world,
you might say that there's a moral reason to become vegetarian so we can use that land to grow more food
and feed more people.
That's a little too human-focused though, right?
That's saying that eating meat is bad because of the impact it has on other people.
Is there anyway we can frame arguments around the animals themselves?
Well, the most obvious argument is that eating meat necessarily involves killing animals.
It's generally assumed that animals are sentient -- they are aware, in some sense.
Certain animals like us and chimps are maybe /more/ aware,
but it's still feels like something to /be/ a chicken. [chicken cluck]
And animals have interests -- by which we mean "states of the world which would be good for them" --
so, animals have an interest in staying alive.
Most humans have an interest in eating meat because it's really tasty.
But you might say that our interest in that pleasure --
which is very small and which we could kind of do without --
can't override the much more fundamental interests of an animal in /staying alive./
Some people would say that it's just philosophically arrogant of us to assume that we have the right
to override the most basic interests of another creature if we can help it.
Obviously, in by just being alive everyday we override the basic interests of millions of bacteria
and we override the basic interests of thousands of mosquitoes and locusts
who are 'just tryin' to make a living,' but in those cases, we /have/ to,
because they're pests or because they cause diseases.
Whereas, in the case of eating meat, we could really do without that.
Now you might just say that, "No -- NO!
human interests do trump animal interests every time.
I mean, chickens aren't that intelligent. It feels like /something/ to be a chicken, but it doesn't feel like much.
We aren't really depriving it of anything all that big.
But there's another argument that has it's locus classicus with the 18th century philosopher
Jeremy Bentham,
and the quote, "The question is not 'Can they reason?'
nor 'Can they talk?' but
'Can they suffer?'"
A lot of animals, or at least, the ones that we eat, /do/ feel pain. They /can/ suffer.
And when they're reared for slaughter -- particularly if they're reared in intensive conditions --
they do suffer.
Quite a lot.
You might say that free range animals who live in better conditions don't suffer as much,
but surely "death" counts as a harm.
Do humans really have the right to inflict that harm?
If you raised a human being in really nice conditions for a number of years and then killed it, would that be okay?
Now, obviously people are going to say that those two cases are not the same --
that there's some morally relevant differences,
in which case,
what are they?
You might say that just buying and eating the meat doesn't directly contribute to the suffering, but
you're supporting the industry with your money -- you're kind of culpable a little bit.
This does leave some meat-eating options open:
for instance, if you accidentally hit a wild animal with your car, then you didn't deliberately cause it's suffering,
but it still kinda happened.
Are you okay to eat it?
Personally, I'd be inclined to say, "Yes!" I mean, don't look a gift horse in the mouth:
put it in your mouth!
Or if meat cells could be grown in a petri dish without ever having been part of any animal,
then presumably that would be okay.
Of course, that's all well and good, but a /lot/ of people eat meat.
And in my case, I know, it would be really, really difficult to give it up, 'cuz it's just so. . .
tasty!
Is it fair to set moral standards that most people would find it difficult to. . .
meet?
Well, morality can be demanding. Just because you really, really don't want to do something
doesn't mean you don't have a moral obligation to do it.
And remember, demanding this is relative:
if you grew up vegetarian, in a society that was predominantly vegetarian,
you'd probably find it pretty easy to do without meat.
What do you guys think? Are there philosophical reasons against [*for*] being vegetarian?
Do humans have the right to harm animals?
If you're a vegetarian, why?
There's also a link in the description to a paper by a guy named Dr. William Stevens,
which outlines a lot of these ideas in detail.
It's free to read and it contains some quite interesting arguments
saying that eating meat is linked to the sexist treatment of women, which is something that I'd never thought of.
Let me know your thoughts in the comments. You can also reach us on Twitter and Facebook
if you don't want to venture into the nether wastes of Google's commenting system.
Subscribe to join the PhilosoFans, and not clicking the "like" button would be a mis-steak.
Our last episode was on how names work
and a lot of the people in the commenting system gave similar comments
outlining a /referential/ theory of names, which is quite close to what John Stuart Mill thought.
So I'm going to give those comments their own episode because they deserve more detailed discussion.
So you can let me know whether you'd like the next episode to be "How do names work?, part 2"
Or "Is democracy a human right?"
In the meantime, though, let's see what some of the other PhilosoFans had to say about how names work.
Marsgreekgod said that the name Tom Hanks means "the individual who we call Tom Hanks."
The problem with saying that is that who we call by a certain name is a contingent fact.
We might have chose to call Jeff Goldblum by the name "Tom Hanks,"
but that wouldn't mean that Jeff Goldblum would be the same individual
that we mean when we say the name "Tom Hanks" currently.
Fabio Reale said that names are identifiers for abstract objects.
The problem with that, as well as all the problems of a referential theory of names
which we'll go into in part 2,
is that you'll then have to prove that there are such things as abstract objects,
which will require a whole . . .
. . . load of other philosophical work that we don't have time to go into right now.
Maybe that would be a good topic for another episode.
Chris Hartman said that talking about other possible worlds is a waste of time
because this is the only world that we can ever experience
so we should try and draw conclusions from that.
Well, that kind of depends on whether you think it's necessary to experience other possible worlds
in order to draw conclusions from them.
I would say, and a lot of philosophers who use the possible worlds model would agree with me,
that possible worlds can be stipulated --
we can say that the conditions are "x, y, and z" and see how our concepts would operate under such conditions
in order to draw conclusions about them that way without necessarily experiencing another possible world.
Athavan Rajasingham asks, "Will you do anything special for the Doctor Who 50th Anniversary?"
Mmmm. . . maybe, maybe you should come back tomorrow morning and see if there's anything up. . .
That's all we've got time for this week. Thank you very much for watching, and I will see you in the next episode.
Byyyyeeee!
["My name is" by Eminem ends]