Hi this is Amy at the altE Store. We sell a lot of solar panels for DIY off-grid solar
projects. Generally when we design a solar system, we start with your loads, what you
are trying to power, and from there you figure out what size solar panel you need. We’ve
got lots of videos walking you through the calculations .
But now we are going to look at it the other way around, what can you power
with a 100W solar panel? A solar panel is rated by the amount of power it creates at
Standard Test Conditions, or STC. These conditions include the intensity of the sun, 1000 watt
per square meter, the angle of the light hitting the panel directly, the temperature, 25℃
or 77℉, and other criteria. So as they say, actual mileage may vary, based on all of these
factors in the real world. So we generally reduce the calculations based on the difference
between the lab setting and your actual installation. When a 12V solar panel is rated at 100W, that
is an instantaneous rating, if all of the test conditions are met, when you measure
the output, the voltage will be about 18 volts and the current will be 5.55 amps. Since watts
equals volts times amps, 18 volts x 5.55 amps = 100 watts. Watts is like the speed of a
car, miles per hour, how fast is it going at that instant, 50 miles per hour. To figure
out how much power is generated over a period of time, you can to multiply the watts times
the number of hours it is running. So in one hour, 100W x 1 hour = 100 watt hours. Again,
with your car, 50 miles per hour x one hour equals 50 miles. Now that we know the math
behind it, we need to figure out how many hours to plug into the equation to determine
how much power the solar panel will generate in a day. How many hours of sunlight that
is equal to the intensity of standard test conditions, which is basically the sun at
noon, will the solar panel be exposed to during the day? The number of hours of sunlight equal
to noon is called sun hours. As you well know, even though the sun is up
at 8 in the morning, it is not as bright as it is at noon. So you can’t just say that
the sun is shining for 10 hours, so I’ll multiple 100W x 10 hours. The hour between
8 and 9 in the morning is probably only half as strong as the sun from noon to 1 in the
afternoon, so the morning hour would probably only be equal to ½ sun hour. But the days
are so much shorter in the winter than the summer, the number of sun hours would be dramatically
different throughout the year. Also, the amount of sunlight I’d get in Miami Florida would
be different than the amount of sun hours I’d get in Portland Maine. Ugh, this can
get complicated. Luckily, some very smart people have taken decades worth of weather
data and calculated out the number of sun hours for all over the world, broken out by
month, and even the tilt angle that the panels are mounted. So I can look at the charts to
see if I have a 100W solar panel, in Portland, Maine, installed at about 45 degrees angle,
on annual average, I’d get 4.6 sun hours a day. Likewise, if I took that same solar
panel in Miami Florida, installed it at a 25 degree tilt, I’d have an annual average
of 5.2 sun hours. Just as a little aside, I want to make sure you see that during the
months of June and July, I’m going to get more power out of that solar panel in Maine
than I will in Florida. With Miami being closer to the equator and Maine being closer to the
north pole, the days are longer in the summer in Maine, and so the sun shines on the solar
panels longer. Kind of cool, huh? OK, back to the question at hand, what can I power
with a 100W solar panel? I need to figure out my worst case scenario, what is the worst
performing month that I’ll be using the panel? Since for this example I’m going
to be using it in Maine, during ski season, I need to figure on December. So how can I
squeeze out as much power as I possibly can in December? By tilting the solar panel steeper
so it points right at the low winter sun. So I’m going to mount my 100W solar panel
at 60 degrees and figure on 3.2 sun hours. I’ll now take 100W x 3.2 sun hours and get
320 watt hours a day in December. Now, as you know, nothing in real life is perfect,
so I have to figure in losses that I’ll likely incur, such as voltage drop across
the wire, dirt (or snow) accumulating on the solar panel, losses through the charge controller,
etc. So I’m going to multiply the 320 watt hours times .7. I know, that’s figuring
on losing about ⅓ of your power. Reality’s a bummer. I now end up with 224 watt hours
of power that I have made with my 100W solar panel on a December day. What can I do with
that power? Well, first of all I need to store it in a battery so that I can use it later
when I need it. So I’m going to use at least a 7 amp charge controller to manage putting
the power into a deep cycle battery that can be charged and discharged on a regular basis.
What size battery do I need? Sorry, that calls for more math. I have my 224 watt hours that
I’m making, and I’m putting it in a 12 volt battery. Because watts divided by volts
equals amps, 224 watt hours divided by 12 volts equals 18.6 amp hours. Even though I’m
putting it in a deep cycle battery, most batteries still don’t like being drained down more
than half way, so I’m going to make sure I get a battery that can hold at least twice
as much power I will be using, so I’ll only use half of the power in it. 18.6 amp hours
x 2 = 37.2 amp hours. The amount of power a battery can store changes depending on the
temperature of the room it’s in. If my battery is going to be as cold as 60 degrees Fahrenheit,
I need to increase the size of my battery by 11% to accommodate the cooler temps
37.2 amp hours x 1.11 = 41.3 amp hours.
I’m also going to be converting the DC power from my
battery to AC using an inverter, and I’m going to lose about 5% of my power through
that conversion, so 41.3 amp hours / .95 = 43.4 amp hours. Now I don’t know if you’ve
ever been in Maine in the winter. But trust me on this one, the sun doesn’t shine every
day there in December. Not by a long shot. So I need to figure out how many days without
sun that I need to store the power for to get me through those sunless days. Let’s
say I need it to last me the weekend without sun. 43.4 amp hours x 2 days = 86.9 amp hours.
Great, I’m going to get myself a group 27 deep cycle battery, that’s 89Ah 12V. OK,
now, I can finally figure out what I can do with that power. I can run my laptop that
uses 45W for 5 hours. Because 224 Watt hours / 45W = 4.97 hours. Or I can power 3 of my
10W LED lights for 7 hours, and still have a little power left over. Or I could make
myself a cup of coffee, listen to the radio while reading a book with a 10W light on for
3 hours, and use my laptop for 2 hours. This should give you enough information so that
you can figure out how to fit this into your situation. You can change the numbers to fit
your area, and your power needs. If you need a little help, you can go to our loads list
calculator to see how much power common appliances use, and go to our reference page to see some
sun hours charts and maps. If you enjoyed this video, give us a like and a share, and
subscribe to our altestore channel to be notified when we post more videos. Also go to our website
at altestore.com, where we’ve been making renewable do-able since 1999.