"Pesticides and Cancer Risk"
In a review updating the evidence on human exposure and toxicity
of pesticides, the body of evidence linking pesticide exposure
and cancer is said to be so huge that the role of pesticides
in cancer development can no longer be doubted.
But most of the evidence that shows DNA damage from pesticides is from
occupational exposure among farmers and workers in the fields,
the pesticide industry itself, or those living in high spray areas.
There is evidence linking non-occupational exposure
to pesticides to DNA damage — in this case single- and
double-stranded DNA fragmentation in sperm of men —
with higher levels of pesticides flowing through their bodies —
but that was in China, where the average pesticide concentrations
are as much as four times higher than in some other parts of the world.
Another way pesticides could potentially facilitate tumor growth
is through adverse effects on anticancer immunity.
NK cells, natural killer cells, are our body's first line
of white blood cell defense against cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
And pesticides have been shown to induce harmful effects
on these defender cells, reducing their ability to kill off tumor cells.
For example, if you put a bunch of natural killer cells in a petri dish
along with human leukemia cells without any pesticide, your natural
killer cells can clean house and wipe out more than half of the cancer.
But if you drip a tiny bit of pesticide on, your NK cells are so disabled
that the cancer wins the day.
Okay, but how much pesticide are we talking?
The researchers used the maximum level found in those
actively spraying pesticides. Most of us, however,
are privileged enough not to be forced into such a job.
So what about looking at just the residual pesticides left
on conventional produce?
Is choosing organic for cancer prevention worth the investment?
In the United States, more than 90% of the population has detectable
pesticides in their urine and blood, regardless of where they work or live.
And we know it's from the food we eat because crossover trials —
where people are switched between consuming conventionally grown
and organic foods — show you can turn on and off urinary concentrations
of pesticide metabolites like a light switch.
But that doesn't necessarily mean the pesticides are harming you.
The health consequences of consuming pesticide residues
from conventionally grown foods remain unknown.
But a recent study did find that those who self-reported
the highest frequency of organic food consumption
had about a 25% lower risk of getting cancer.
And here it is: the first of its kind to evaluate the association
between frequency of organic food consumption and cancer risk,
controlling for a wide array of other factors.
Doesn't it matter that organic consumers are younger?
The researchers controlled for that and still found
significantly lower cancer risk.
Okay, but maybe organic consumers get less cancer because
they're more affluent, or more highly educated,
or skinnier or exercise more,
or eat less meat, or smoke less. Nope, they controlled for all that
and still found significantly lower cancer risk in organic consumers.
Maybe their diets were different in other ways though:
more fruits and vegetables overall or less junk food?
Nope, they still found significantly lower cancer risk.
They concluded: our results indicate that higher organic food consumption
is indeed associated with a reduction in the risk of overall cancer.
This is the most sophisticated study of its type to date, but there was
an earlier study that was even bigger, and little evidence was found
for a decrease in the incidence of all cancers
except for perhaps one kind of blood cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Here are the data.
No difference in cancer overall between those who never choose
organic or those who usually or always do, with the only significant findings:
a lower risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an increased risk of breast cancer.
Is it possible that women who choose organic food are more conscientious
about getting screened for breast cancer and that
explains the higher diagnosis rate? We really don't know.
Of course, what we care about the most is not just cancer
but so-called all-cause mortality, the risk of dying prematurely, period,
and higher blood levels of a pesticide known as beta-hexachlorocyclohexane
are associated with living a significantly shorter life.
How do we cut down on our levels?
Well, there was a study done way back when that found that the breast milk
of a vegetarian mother was found to have less beta-hexachlorocyclohexane
than the milk of her sister, who was also breast-feeding at the time,
but included meat in her diet.
The vegetarian sister apparently had levels of that pesticide
that were lower by about a third, compared with her omnivorous sibling.
No surprise, since this class of chlorinated pesticides are fat soluble,
so they're found most frequently in foods of animal origin.
A more recent study failed to look at beta-hexachlorocyclohexane,
but they did find that chlorinated PCBs were associated
with increased mortality risk.
And again, the toxins were found in the same kinds of foods:
dairy products, eggs, and animal fats.
So, no surprise, the blood of those eating vegan was found to be
significantly less polluted than omnivores
regarding a whole series of PCBs, including those found
in the study to be associated with increased mortality,
but the vegans did not have lower levels of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane.
The bottom line is that if you're worried about the adverse
health effects of pesticides and pesticide-type compounds,
you may want to lower your intake of animal products.
But when it comes to fruits and vegetables, the benefits
of consuming conventionally grown produce are likely
to outweigh any possible risks from pesticide exposure.
So concerns over pesticide risks should not discourage us
from stuffing our faces with as many fruits and vegetables as possible.
That would give us a huge health benefit,
whereas the potential lifelong damage of any pesticides
on those same fruits and veggies has been estimated
to only cut a few minutes off a person's life, on average,
which is nothing compared to the nutritional benefits
of eating more fruits and vegetables.