Hi. I'm Meris, and in this video, I'm going to be talking to you about electrolytes and
electrolyte imbalances. I'm going to be following along with our Fundamentals of
Nursing flashcards. These are available on our website leveluprn.com. If you already have a
set and you want to follow along with me, I'm starting on card number 95. Let's get started.
Okay. So first up, we're going to be talking about calcium, which is very important for a
lot of body functions. I want to point out to you here on this card, we have a lot of
red and bold text, which you're going to see on all the electrolyte cards. This means that this is
incredibly important information for you to know for your nursing school exams and for the NCLEX,
along with clinical practice. So the normal range for calcium is going to be 9 to 10.5 mEq/liter.
Very important to know that. Hypercalcemia is anything over 10.5. Hypocalcemia is anything under
the 9. So a couple of things I want to point out. I'm not going to go into too much detail.
But one of the causes of hypercalcemia, too much calcium, is prolonged immobility
or hyperparathyroidism. Now, when we talk about hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism is one of the
causes, along with decreased Vitamin D intake and diarrhea. But what I want to point out to you here
for hypocalcemia is that two of the findings are bold and red. It's going to be positive
Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs. So Chvostek's is tapping on the cheek and seeing the muscle twitch.
Trousseau's is having the blood pressure cuff on the arm and seeing the arm kind of go into
spasm and tetany. Very important to know these for your nursing exams. I would encourage you,
as well, if you don't already have our lab values deck, this would be a great time to
get that lab values deck because it covers the normal ranges of all of the labs, along with
a lot of other considerations, why tests are run, and so forth. All right. Let's move on.
Next up, we're going to talk about magnesium. So you can see here on the card that our normal range
is 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/liter. Anything less than 1.3 is going to be hypomagnesemia. Anything greater
than 2.1 is hypermagnesemia. One of the biggest things that I want to point out to you here is the
deep tendon reflexes. When you have hypermagnesemia, too much magnesium, you're
going to have decreased deep tendon reflexes. If I have too little magnesium, hypomagnesemia, then
I'm going to have increased deep tendon reflexes, and I'm also at risk for seizures. So definitely
pay attention to the inverse relationship there between magnesium levels and deep tendon reflexes.
Okay. Now we're moving on to potassium. Now, potassium is one of these lab values that I'm
going to say you need to highlight it, star it, underline, know everything about it.
Normal range is going to be 3.5 to 5 mEq/liter. Anything less than 3.5 is hypokalemia. Anything
above 5 is going to be hyperkalemia. Now, why is potassium so important? Potassium helps to
regulate muscle function. What is one of the most important muscles in our body? Hint: it's your
heart. Sorry. That's not a hint. That's a spoiler. But it's your heart. So when you think potassium,
you need to think of the heart. And we actually even have a cool chicken hint right here,
which I think is awesome. Potassium, the symbol for potassium is K, so our hint here is K is for
cardiac. It helps you to remember to assess the cardiovascular status. So big,
big things here are going to be that any time that we have a patient who has a potassium imbalance,
we need to be thinking about their heart, looking at their heart, and seeing about any
abnormalities in their cardiovascular function. All right. Let's move on to sodium. Sodium, again,
is one of these lab values, one of these electrolytes that is very important and you
need to know everything about. So normal range for sodium is going to be 136 to 145 mEq/liter.
Anything less than 136 is hyponatremia. Anything above 145 is hypernatremia, too much sodium. Now,
we have another really, really great cool chicken hint here which is N, you know Na - so sodium's
symbol is Na - so Na is for neurological. So you need to be assessing the neurological status of
anybody who has a sodium imbalance. Sodium has a lot to do with regulating the water and fluid
balance in our bodies, so any disruption in that can cause changes to our fluid balance.
The situation, though, presents when we have a significant disruption in that fluid balance is
going to affect the fluid balance within our brains as well. So you need to be thinking
about neurological status, and you'll see here that we even have on hyponatremia, bold and red,
seizures. Seizures are possible, so you should be thinking, "Maybe my patient should be on
seizure precautions." Okay. So that is it for electrolytes and electrolyte imbalances.
Very important. And like I said, I would really recommend getting our lab values deck. I think
that's going to help you a lot. And when you get to med-surg, and you get much more
in-depth with these fluids and electrolytes and acid-base balance, I would say you
should definitely get the med-surg deck as well. If you like this review, thought it was helpful,
I would love it if you could like this video. Be sure to leave me a comment if you can think of a
better way to remember something. I absolutely want to hear it. And you definitely want to
subscribe to the channel because you want to be the first to know when our next video drops.
The next one in this series is going to be talking about acid-base imbalances,
which is a really important concept for Fundamentals and the rest of your program.
So thanks so much, and happy studying. I invite you to subscribe to our channel and share
a link with your classmates and friends in nursing school. If you found value in this video, be sure
and hit the like button, and leave a comment and let us know what you found particularly helpful.