Translator: Tanya Cushman Reviewer: Cristina Bufi-Pöcksteiner
Well, I'm really excited to be here today
to introduce you to a skill that can change the way you see yourself,
it can change the way you see the world around you and everyone around you,
and it can absolutely change the way
you go about reaching your goals in life or pursuing your goals.
And emotional intelligence is an absolutely critical skill
because we have more than 400 emotional experiences every single day.
Whether you're aware of these experiences or not,
they can really drive the bus if you let them do that,
and emotional intelligence is your ability to understand your emotions
and to respond to them effectively to produce the behavior that you want.
Now, to help you understand
how emotional intelligence operates in the brain,
I need to introduce you to a guy named Phineas Gage.
It's going to be a bit of a challenge with this mike.
Phineas was a guy who was building the Burlington Railroad in Vermont
in the 1840s.
And he was not just any railroad foreman,
he was considered to be the most capable foreman in the business.
Phineas was very intelligent.
He knew how to cut through the rocky terrain
to lay the tracks on time,
but he also had that extra something that made people want to work for him.
He was polite, he was calm and cool under pressure
and he was great with people.
Well, on this one day in particular,
Phineas, being the hands-on manager that he was,
was working with an item called a tamping iron,
about the length of this cane that I'm holding here,
made out of really dense metal like a crow bar.
And what Phineas would do -
The way they'd use the tamping iron is they'd cut a hole in the rock,
they'd pour blasting powder in there,
and then they would pour sand on top.
They would take the tamping iron, and they would tamp down the sand.
What this did is it gave them a very precise blast.
So on this day in particular,
Phineas was waiting for his assistant to pour sand in the hole,
and his men overloaded a train car behind him,
just overloaded it with boulders -
you can imagine the noise that it made -
and it distracted Phineas.
It also distracted his assistant, who didn't pour sand in the hole.
So when Phineas went and he rammed the rod into the hole,
it ignited the gunpowder
and launched the rod through his head, like a rocket.
It actually landed 100 feet behind him in the bushes.
And it entered right below his left eye.
This is his skull,
which is on display at the medical library at the Harvard Medical School.
Let's say goodbye to the cane.
Now I can handle this microphone.
So, the area of the brain that it removed is your left orbital frontal cortex,
and this wouldn't be much of a story to tell you,
except Phineas survived this accident without his left orbital -
his left orbital frontal cortex
was probably in the bushes back there with the rod.
And he was sitting up under his own power
within five minutes of the rod traveling through his head.
He logged his exit from the job site in the logbook,
and he told the town doctor what had happened to him.
It took about six months for his physical wounds to heal.
Once they healed, Phineas was ready to go back to work.
He was still every bit as intelligent as he had been before;
he still had interest in building the railroad;
his personality was the same.
But there was something very, very key missing,
and it was how he responded to his emotions.
What happened is,
every emotion that Phineas had exploded unfettered into action.
So he was angry, he was impulsive, he was unreliable.
Suddenly, he was showing up late.
So here was this guy who so much of him was the same,
yet something else was fundamentally different.
Let me show you how that works in the brain.
Everything you experience in the world around you
must enter at the base of your brain.
So if you're listening to me speak,
the signal travels from ear to the base of the brain.
If someone bumps into you, you feel that sensation;
it goes to the base of your brain.
Then it travels across your brain.
And once it does so, it travels through the limbic system.
This is where emotions are generated.
In Phineas' case, this part of the brain was still intact.
His brain was producing emotions like normal,
but he lost his rational brain.
He lost the area of the brain
where he was able to read and respond to these emotions.
Emotional intelligence combines the two.
It's your ability to understand these emotions that you're having.
We're hardwired to be emotional creatures.
So these emotions happen in a split second,
before we're able to think rationally about them.
What we do in response to our emotions dictates -
that's really what emotional intelligence is about.
Now, if you're like me, you're probably saying,
"Well, why do we -
If this is hardwired in our brain
and we've had ideas about this since the 1850s with Phineas Gage,
why is this a TED idea?
Why am I learning about this now?"
Well, we live in a world
that doesn't necessarily teach us what's good for us.
This Cola ad from the '50s is a great example.
It says, "For a better start in life, start Cola earlier!
How soon is too soon? Not soon enough!"
"Laboratory tests over the last few years have proven that babies
who start drinking soda during that early formative period
have a much higher chance of fitting in and gaining acceptance
during those awkward preteen and teen years."
"So do yourself a favor. Do your child a favor.
Start them on a strict regimen
of sodas and other sugary carbonated beverages
right now,
for a lifetime of guaranteed happiness."
(Laughter)
Now, this is actually a satire, this ad,
but let me show you a couple that aren't.
These are real ads, and they send the same kind of message.
Here's one that's saying that sugar is a great way to diet
and curb food cravings.
Here we have doctors who are telling us how healthy it is to smoke,
and then my favorite,
"DDT is good for me."
These are real ads of random publications.
It's a sign of the world we grow up in.
We're taught the three Rs in school, but we're not taught how to lead.
We're not taught all the capacities that we possess
that we can utilize to make the most of life.
And emotional intelligence is absolutely one of these.
Now, here's what most people don't know as a result of this.
Emotional intelligence is absolutely distinct from your IQ.
You can be high in emotional intelligence and have also a really high IQ.
You can be low in one and not the other, low in both.
They don't occur together in any meaningful way,
despite the stereotype that people with high IQs have low EQs.
Right?
That's a stereotype because those folks stick out like a sore thumb.
Another thing that people confuse with emotional intelligence is personality.
Personality is a stable set of preferences and tendencies
through which you approach the world.
It's fixed at an early age, just like your IQ.
So if you're a hopeless extrovert at age 17,
you can't expect that to change at age 40.
And personality, it occurs in a part of the brain
that's what neurologists call crystallized.
It's fixed; it's not responsive to change,
just like IQ.
Emotional intelligence, on the other hand,
is an area of the brain -
This pathway between your emotional and rational brains is highly plastic.
What that means is it's flexible and responsive to change,
and when you work on your emotional intelligence,
your neurons will actually branch out to each other
and increase the flow of information between the rational and emotional brains.
This is the essence of emotional intelligence.
There are four emotional intelligence skills,
but the thing you need to know is that, statistically,
it really comes down to what you see as personal competence and social competence.
Personal competence is about you,
awareness of your own emotions and how you manage them.
Social competence is about you with other people.
It's how you're reading and responding to other people and what you do with that.
The reason, statistically, there aren't really four skills,
it's just kind of two,
is because once you become aware of your emotions,
once you take the blinders off,
it's really hard not to do something productive with them.
And there's a lot of things that operate beneath our awareness.
I'd like to show you one example.
This is from a study that was conducted at a university of The Netherlands.
In this study, they took people who had cortical lesions.
So, these folks, their eyes worked perfectly,
the optic nerves worked perfectly,
they sent the signals back to the base of the brain to be processed,
and the problem's there - they had cortical lesions.
The brain didn't know what it saw although the eyes physically saw it,
so they're blind.
What they did is they put these people in front of computer screens,
and they flashed images of people expressing strong emotions.
When you do that with people with sight,
there's "mirror neurons" in your brain
that mirror the emotional state of other people,
and you can't help but have a very small emotional reaction.
So if I put an image of someone smiling really big,
you'll crack a smile.
If it's someone really angry, you'll furrow your brow a bit.
You can't control it.
The thing that really freaked these researchers out
is that these blind people were having the same reaction as people with sight.
The exact same reaction.
And it really left them scratching their heads: "How can this be?
The brain cannot process what their eyes are seeing."
They went back and they further analysed the MRIs,
and what they found is that there's an alternate pathway in the brain.
They found that as the signals traveled down the optic nerve,
they were actually branching out and sending signals to the limbic system.
So these people didn't even know what they were seeing.
They said to them, "Why did you crack a smile?"
"I don't know. It was a hunch."
"Why did you furrow your brow?"
"I don't know."
"Did you see something?"
"No, dude, I'm blind. I didn't see anything."
How many of you have walked into a room full of people
and you can just feel a mood in the room
even though you can't put your finger on it?
These are the kind of emotional signals driving your brain.
People who are highly emotionally intelligent
are very tuned into them.
And once you're tuned into them,
they tend to produce the behavior that you want.
Now, I'm going to show you some stats around emotional intelligence
and why it's so important to success,
and I want you to understand why these statistics are so powerful.
It's because emotional intelligence is a foundational skill.
Emotions are the primary driver of our behavior.
Think about that picture of the limbic system.
It's at the base of the brain; everything is traveling through it.
It's emotions first, emotions first.
So when you master your emotions,
when you become aware of them and are able to manage them effectively,
it trickles into everything you do.
It trickles into how you manage stress, how you get presentations,
how you work in a team, how you make decisions -
it's a foundational skill.
Here's another bit of research.
We found that emotional intelligence, when it comes to work,
explains about 60% of how you do.
If you look at the percentage of top performers,
what percentage of them are high in EQ,
it's 90%.
And the skeptics in the room, I happen to be one.
I'd say, "What percentage of low performers are high in EQ?"
Well, you can have a high EQ and be a bottom performer -
there's other factors at play -
but emotional intelligence is a very, very direct route
to producing the behavior that you want because of how your brain is wired.
Here's research we published in the Harvard Business Review,
and this is looking at emotional intelligence scores by job title.
You have individual contributor first.
These are people who don't supervise anyone.
Then you have your supervisor, you know, first time managers.
And then middle management.
This is where emotional intelligence scores peak.
Because above middle management,
it is a ski slope all the way down to CEOs,
who have the lowest emotional intelligence scores in the workplace.
Now, I just told you that 90% of top performers have high EQs.
So shouldn't CEOs be the top performers?
Well, the trick is, for each of these job categories,
emotional intelligence is a big predictor of performance;
those with the highest EQs also tend to be the top performers.
But what organizations do -
if you think back to the wonderful ads that send us the wrong messages,
our society that sends us the wrong messages -
organizations perpetuate this,
and they promote people above -
Okay, why do you get promoted to be a manager?
Because you're good with people.
But how do you move above management?
How do you become a director, a senior exec, CEO?
It's increasingly focused on tenure,
on short-term financial gains,
on industry knowledge.
These things matter,
but it's the really well-rounded people -
people who are able to achieve that
and also have high emotional intelligence -
that really, really flourish.
And that's the challenge: it's for organizations to buck this trend,
and it's for individuals to become that well-rounded person
that's going to achieve the highest level of success,
whatever job you're in.
Okay, now, people always want to know
how you can go about increasing your emotional intelligence.
And I absolutely recommend that you test yourself
and you find what your low areas are.
For one person, it may be social awareness.
For another, it may be self-awareness.
That's a really great starting point.
But I do have three silver bullets for increasing your EQ to share with you.
And these apply to a lot of people -
I guarantee you the majority of the people in this room.
The first thing is to get your stress under control.
We all know that stress is bad news, right?
It compromises your immune system,
it's linked to heart disease, depression, obesity.
The trick is, intermittent, mild stress -
that is stress you keep under control -
actually entices the brain
to produce cells that are responsible for improved memory.
So good things happen when you start to feel some stress,
and you actually climb up this performance curve.
But what they found at UC Berkeley
is that when the stress becomes severe or becomes prolonged,
you move down the backside of the curve.
And it actually causes degeneration
in the areas of the brain responsible for self-control.
So when you keep your stress under control,
good things are happening in your brain.
And when this stress starts to take you too far,
you actually are diminishing your capacity to control your behavior,
including control your ability to control your stress.
So it's kind of this vicious cycle.
The key here, like I said, is keeping that stress intermittent
and having intervention strategies that you can employ
to give yourself a break from stress.
There's a great study conducted at UC Davis
where they taught people a simple strategy.
And that was to cultivate an attitude of gratitude.
So every time these people felt stress,
the experimental group was instructed to stop
and think about something they were grateful for - that's it.
It sounds a little hokey,
but in these individuals that did this,
it actually lowered the stress hormone cortisol by 23%.
So cultivating an attitude of gratitude
physically, physiologically lowered their body's response to stress.
So getting stress under control,
doing all the stuff you know you should be doing -
taking a walk, reading a book, exercising -
all these things that give you breaks are key to getting stress under control.
The next thing, silver bullet number two for increasing your EQ,
is to clean up your sleep hygiene.
More sleep would be great,
but for a lot of people that isn't going to happen.
And cleaning up your sleep hygiene is the next best route.
Now, the reason is because when you're awake,
toxic proteins build up in the neurons in your brain.
This is a byproduct of normal neuronal activity;
it's just a part of being awake.
And when you sleep, if you get the right amount of sleep,
your neurons actually clean themselves up
and they remove these toxic proteins.
When that doesn't happen,
you actually - they hinder your capacity to think.
They make you groggy, they diminish your self control,
and that's why you feel like crud
when you get three hours of sleep when you know you really need seven.
So for most of us,
the trick here is you need to clean up your sleep hygiene
because your body moves through a very elaborate series of stages when you sleep.
And if you're not getting sleep of sufficient quality,
you won't remove these toxic proteins
from your brain.
What do a lot of us do to diminish the quality of our sleep?
Well, the worst thing, the number one offender,
is taking things that "help you sleep."
Anything that helps you sleep -
a Benadryl, three glasses of wine, an Ambien, a Nyquil, melatonin -
if it helps you sleep,
it is impairing your body's ability
to go through the necessary sleep stages to remove these toxic proteins.
And that's why you feel groggy the next day when you take a sleep aid.
So the number one way to clean up your sleep hygiene
is to not take something that makes you sleep.
And, actually, there's kind of a co-title for poor sleep hygiene
because the other thing a lot of us do
is we expose ourselves to blue light in the evening.
And here's how this works:
In the morning, sunlight is very high in blue wavelength light.
Blue wavelength light halts melatonin production
and it tells your body: "Be awake. It's morning time."
After noon, sunlight is increasingly orange and red in wavelength.
That allows your body to start producing melatonin,
which prepares you for sleep.
All well and good, but what do we do after dinner?
We sit in front of our massive Mac monitor and just bathe ourselves in blue light,
or read on our iPad.
You know, when you bathe yourself in blue light,
you're confusing the heck out of your brain
and you're halting melatonin production,
and it will often keep you from going to sleep,
but even if you can go to sleep when you do this,
your body doesn't get the quality of sleep
that it needs to remove these toxic proteins.
So, silver bullet number two for increasing your EQ
is to clean up your sleep hygiene.
No blue light, don't take anything that helps you sleep,
wake up at the same time in the morning -
these are all things that can help you to get your self-control under control.
Now, the third one is the one that people really hate me for.
Get your caffeine intake under control.
And caffeine really links back to this same cycle
because caffeine has a very long half-life.
It's six hours.
So when you're feeling tired in the afternoon
because you took seven Benadryl the night before to go to sleep,
and you have a triple espresso,
by nine or ten PM, half of that is still metabolically active in your body.
It's still there, doing it's thing.
So it makes it hard to go to sleep,
and even if you can go to sleep,
again, you're not getting the quality of sleep that you need
to remove these toxic proteins from your brain.
So, my recommendation here
is just to not drink any caffeine after noon
and know how it affects your body.
Some people can tolerate more caffeine,
but if you pay attention to it,
you can see how it's affecting your sleep.
So, those three silver bullets will help you get where you need to be
on the road to improving your emotional intelligence,
and I hope that some of the things that I taught you today
prove useful as you pursue your goals in life.
Thanks so much.
(Applause)