- [Voiceover] Hi Kim!
- [Voiceover] Hey Becca, so what are talking about today?
- [Voiceover] Today we're gonna be talking about how
a racial hierarchy was established in the early Americas,
about the encomienda system, the early Atlantic slave trade,
and how such an arbitrary factor as race became a way
that our society was organized,
and we still feel the effects of that today.
- [Voiceover] Okay, interesting.
- [Voiceover] So to begin we'll talk about
the encomienda system.
So the encomienda system was this dependency relation system
that started in Spain and was brought to the Americas
to control the labor system.
Encomienda, that actually means entrust in Spanish,
Spaniards that were entrusted with dividing up the labor
within the Native American populations.
So different encomenderos,
those were Spanish men that were sent to the colonies,
were entrusted with dividing up the labor between
different Native American groups.
- [Voiceover] Okay, so this to me, it sounds a little bit
like a feudal system, am I getting this right?
- [Voiceover] Yeah, definitely!
- [Voiceover] So the feudal system was this earlier
European Medieval system where there'd be a lord
who would have the responsibility of protecting serfs
and in response he'd get their labor
and a part of their wealth.
- [Voiceover] So this sounds a lot like the encomenderos
and the Native Americans that were in his jurisdiction.
- [Voiceover] Okay.
- [Voiceover] So the encomenderos would offer
the Native Americans in their colony protection
and they would also offer them Catholicism.
They were under this kind of god, gold,
and glory motivation.
- [Voiceover] I think I've heard of that before.
- [Voiceover] (chuckling) Yeah, so god, gold, and glory
were some of the reasons that colonists wanted to come
to the New World, and they really wanted to inspire
and promote Catholicism abroad.
And they really wanted to increase the practice
amongst the native people.
- [Voiceover] Yeah, I think one of the things that we
have to understand about this time period is how religiously
motivated many people were.
I mean when it comes down to it, gold is gonna be more
of a motivator than religion but they saw their role
as Christians, as Catholics,
as trying to convert the entire world.
- [Voiceover] Right, and in return the encomenderos
expected from the native people a lot of labor.
So the natives had a much better understanding
of the land itself that they were aiming to cultivate.
At the time period in the 1500s, the Spaniards,
the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English,
everyone's coming over and wanting to create new markets,
especially with tobacco, sugar,
and the Native Americans under the encomienda system
were expected to help the encomenderos produce
at a really high rate in which they they could send
these goods back to Europe.
- [Voiceover] I think it's worthwhile to note here
that we're saying, oh they wanted the labor
of the Native Americans.
Well why didn't the Spanish just send their own people
to process sugar, to grow tobacco up in the New World?
And there are a couple of reasons for that.
One is that they kind of knew that the New World
was more or less a death trap.
(laughter)
It wouldn't be until the mid-1600s
that a lot of these places had a survival rate
for settlers above 50%.
So a lot of whites in Europe wanted to avoid that.
They also didn't really see these plantations
as being something they needed to work directly.
They kind of thought, I would rather stay in the courts
of Europe, I would rather be a lord.
You know, many in England, later they'll be many members
of Parliament who own plantations in the West Indies
and they've never even been to those plantations
but they're sure profiting.
- [Voiceover] Yeah, I think that's definitely right.
And when the encomienda system was more officially instated
with Nicolas de Ovando in 1502,
that was the first official encomienda system
in the West Indies.
He actually took over after Columbus was ousted
from his role in San Salvador.
- [Voiceover] Why was Columbus ousted?
- [Voiceover] He was a really bad leader.
Ovando really took over the encomienda system
and then it started to look a lot more like
what we would call slavery.
So slowly the encomenderos would no longer offer
the Native Americans protection,
but instead threatened them if they did not
reach their quota.
- [Voiceover] Okay, so instead of protection
they get threats.
- [Voiceover] And oftentimes that turned into extreme
punishment or death, and they were forced to do
extremely hard labor.
So sowing a sugar plantation is not easy work
and so they expected extreme amounts
of hard labor in the hot sun.
- [Voiceover] Yeah, processing sugar is like a 24 hour a day
kind of deal and it is I think perhaps the worst
kind of labor you could do.
- [Voiceover] And they weren't just trying to promote
Catholicism but also stripping Native Americans
of their culture and of their religious practices.
- [Voiceover] So Catholicism, not optional. (chuckling)
- [Voiceover] Catholicism was not,
not something they were offering,
it was something they were instituting with force.
So as more conquistadores come over to the West Indies,
some notice this does look like slavery,
and we are not treating the Native American people
with dignity or really as humans at all.
Bartolome de las Casas was an encomendero
but in kind of the mid-1500s he came over to actually
see his encomiendas in practice,
and realized the inhumane treatment and abuse
the encomienda system promoted.
He released his encomienda and started to dedicate
his life to petitioning and lobbying the King of Spain,
Charles V, to institute new laws that would protect
Native Americans against these abusive practices.
- [Voiceover] Yeah, you know when you're looking around
this time period for a good person in this system,
Bartolome de las Casas is pretty much the only one.
- [Voiceover] Yeah, he was a good dude amongst a lot
of not so good dudes.
(laughter)
And so in 1542 new laws, they were literally called
the New Laws, were passed by Charles V.
And these laws didn't outlaw the encomienda system,
but aimed to put some regulation
on these inhumane practices.
The encomienda system wouldn't be
outlawed completely until 1720.
- [Voiceover] Oh, wow.
- [Voiceover] So the effects of the encomienda system
were already really being felt at this time
and contributed to the formation of this arbitrary
racial hierarchy that we will continue to talk about
in the next video.