They've indicated in previous lectures,
the lipids are incredibly diverse set of molecules
but as we will see they have very common roots and a very simple molecule.
In this lecture, I'll start that process by talking about fat and fatty acid metabolism.
Now, fat metabolism is something that all of us wanna do, if we can --
if we're worried too much about how much we're carrying around.
First, I wanna talk about fat breakdown.
Fats and oils are as we've seen triglycerides
and fat is stored in our body in specialized cells called adipocytes.
The fat is important to travel in our blood stream
but it's also a difficult way to travel because it's not water soluble
where is our blood actually is mostly aqueous solution.
To travel in the bloodstream fat must go through complexes called lipoprotein complexes
and you probably know them as LDLs and chylomicrons.
Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol,
it's constituents -- constituents components.
By action of enzymes called lipases.
You can see on the screen a typical fat molecule.
It has a glycerol backbone is shown here
and you can see Ester bonds between all the fatty acids and the glycerol.
Now, each of those individuals fatty acids are targets of action of different lipases.
The first one is shown at the top is a targeted enzyme known as hormone sensitive lipase
and it will cleave only the first fatty acid.
The second fatty acid was cleaved by an enzyme called diacyglycerol lipase.
The third enzyme is cleaved off by an enzyme called monocyglycerol lipase.
The product of that is glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
If we're moving to make a fat then, it's not the simple reversal of the process although it's similar.
The starting point for this synthesis of a fat is not glycerol
but glycerol-3-phosphate as you can see on the screen.
In the first step of the reaction glycerol-3-phosphate is converted into a molecule called lysophosphatidic acid,
and that simply is a glycerol-3-phosphate that had a fatty acid
attached to position 1 by an enzyme called acyltransferase 1.
A similar reaction adds the second fatty acid as you can see here
by an enzyme called acyltransferase 2.
At this point, we have a molecule called phosphatidic acid
and as we will see phosphatidic acid is a branch point in the synthesis of other lipids.
Now, the fatty acid in phosphatidic acid are usually saturated at position 1.
Meaning all single bonds and usually unsaturated at position two
meaning having one or more double bonds.
Phosphatidic acid can be convert into fat in only two more steps.
First, the phosphate part of phosphatidic acid is removed by a phosphatase as you can see here.
That leaves behind a molecule called diacylglcyerol.
Diacylglcyerol is converted into a triacylgcyerol which is either a fat or an oil
by the enzyme acyltransferase 3.
Now, whether something as a fat or an oil depends upon whether or not it is a solid room temperature
a fat or a liquid at room temperature called an oil.
Chemically the differences between these two are not very significant.
They arise from the composition of the fatty acids within the fat.
A fat is a molecule that contains mostly saturated bonds
and therefore is what gives of the property being a solid at room temperature.
And oil on the other hand has a considerable amount of unsaturated bond within it
and results in being a liquid at room temperature.