"What About Kosher and Organic Chicken?"
Millions of Americans come down with bladder infections—
urinary tract infections— every year, including more than a million children.
Most cases stay in the bladder, but when the bacteria creep up into the kidneys
or get into the bloodstream, things can get serious.
Thankfully, we have antibiotics.
But there is now a pandemic of a new multi-drug resistant strain of E. coli.
Discovered just in 2008, and now this so-called ST131 strain
went from unknown to a leading cause of bladder infections the world over,
resistant to even some of our 2nd and 3rd line antibiotics.
And it's been found in chicken,
retail chicken breasts sampled from across the country,
documenting a persisting reservoir of extensively antimicrobial-resistant
ExPEC bacteria, the extra intestinal pathogenic E. coli—
including the ST131 strain—in retail chicken products in the United States,
suggesting a potential public health threat.
See, urinary tract infections may be foodborne,
by which they mean predominantly poultry—chicken and turkey—
and so maybe we shouldn't be feeding antibiotics to these animals
by the ton in poultry production.
But wait, foodborne bladder infections? What are you doing with that drumstick?
No, eating contaminated chicken can lead to the colonization of the rectum
with these bacteria that can then, even months later,
crawl up into the bladder to cause an infection.
The problem of increasing anti-microbial resistance is so dire that some experts
are predicting that the era of antibiotics may be coming to an end,
ushering in a post-antibiotic era
in which common infections and minor injuries can, once again, kill.
More than 80% of E. coli isolated from beef, pork, and poultry
exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic,
and more than half from poultry were resistant to five different drugs.
One of the ways this happens is that viruses, called bacteriophages,
can transfer antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria.
About a quarter of these viruses isolated from chicken meat
were found able to transduce antibiotic drug resistance into E. coli.
And one of the big problems with this is that disinfectants used to kill bacteria
are, in many cases, not able to eliminate these viruses.
Some of these viruses are even resistant to bleach
at the kinds of concentrations used in the food industry.
And likewise, alcohol, which is what you find in many hand sanitizers,
also unable to harm most of them.
The irony is that the industry has tried to intentionally
feed these viruses to chickens. Why would they do that?
It can boost egg production in hens and increase body weight gain
in broiler chickens to get them to slaughter weight faster.
The only thing that seems to dissuade the industry
is if anything affects the taste of the meat.
That's why the industry had to stop spraying chickens with benzene
to try to kill off all the parasites.
The meat ended up with a distasteful flavor, described as strong, acidic,
musty, medicinal, biting, objectionable, and... mmm, tasty.
But what if you buy organic chicken?
For another type of bacteria,
enterococcus, antibiotic-resistant bugs were found in both conventional
and organically raised chicken, but were less common in organic.
Only about one in three contaminated with drug resistant bugs,
compared to nearly one in two. But in a study of hundreds
of prepackaged retail chicken breasts tested
from 99 grocery stores, being labeled organic or antibiotic-free
did not seem to impact the contamination levels of antibiotic-resistant E. coli
from fresh retail chicken, though purchasing meat from natural food
stores appeared to be safer regardless of how it was labeled.
Kosher chicken appeared to be the worst, nearly twice the level
of antibiotic-resistant E. coli contamination compared to conventional,
which goes against the whole concept of kosher.
No difference in drug resistance between the E. coli
swabbed from conventional chicken versus organic and
raised-without-antibiotics chicken, but either way, kosher was worse.
But how could organic and raised- without-antibiotics chicken not be better?
Well, it could be cross-contamination at the slaughter plants,
so bugs just jump from one to the other.
Or it could be the organic chicken loophole.
USDA organic standards prohibit the use of antibiotics in poultry
starting on day two of the animal's life.
This is an important loophole since even antibiotics considered critical
for human health are routinely injected into one-day-old chicks and eggs,
which has been directly associated with antibiotic-resistant foodborne infections.
And there was no difference in the presence of ExPEC bacteria between
organic and conventional, the bacteria implicated in urinary tract infections.
These findings suggest that retail chicken products in the United States,
even if they're labeled "organic," pose a potential health threat to consumers
because they're contaminated with extensively antibiotic-resistant E. coli.
And even if we were able to get the poultry industry
to stop using antibiotics, the contamination of chicken meat
with ExPEC bacteria could still remain a threat.