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this video we're going to look at
inflammation as well as inflammatory
response so what is inflammation
well inflammation is the sum of the host
defenses - infectious or noxious stimuli
one of the major aims of inflammation is
to bring defense cells immune cells to
the area of concern as well as to
inactivate or destroy any invaders
pathogens and - and to also begin repair
in that area inflammation is clinically
denoted by the suffix itis so for
example dermatitis is inflammation of
the skin arthritis is inflammation of
the joint let's look at inflammation in
a bigger picture by looking at a map and
see what happens when there is for
example damage done to our skin and what
sort of inflammatory response occurs so
inflammation here is the surface of our
skin a tissue and we have the submucosa
region underneath of course below all
this we have blood vessels many blood
vessels here I've only drawn one blood
vessel for simplicity however of course
we actually have many blood vessels
around the area connecting to each other
and then we also have lymphatic vessels
here which are important for immune
cells to move around in particularly the
lymphocytes the lymph vessels will
connect to what's called a lymph node or
other organs such as a spleen within the
lymph node if there is no infection or
infiltration or inflammation we have the
naive cells naive lymphocytes known as
the B and T cells
within the blood vessels we have many
types of cells and many types of plasma
proteins etc we have erythrocytes which
are the red blood cells we have
monocytes we have neutrophils which are
phagocytes
and because we're talking about
inflammation we have also circulating in
the blood vessel inflammatory mediators
it is important to know that there are
two types of inflammatory mediators in
general the two types are the plasma
inflammatory mediators which means that
these plasma are the ones that are
circulating inflammatory mediators and
these are the kabbala proteins and the
kinase they are made by the liver and
they circulate with with the blood
vessel and are activated upon
inflammation the other type of
inflammatory mediator is a cell derived
in inflammatory mediator meaning that
they come from cells and we'll talk
about them soon enough now the cells
that we find within the tissue or within
the surface of the skin or beneath the
skin are what's known as mast cells mast
cells contain histamine granules and
here we have another Marcelle
now mast cells are really important
cells arm to promote inflammation
because histamine histamine histamine is
a cell drug inflammatory mediator there
are other cells we find around this arm
tissue are phagocytes tissue macrophages
for example as well as dendritic cells
because we're talking about the skin
these dendritic skill these dendritic
cells are known as Langerhans cells this
and they're all around here so now we've
got the basics on the map here what
happens during an injury for example a
cut here
well blood will start going out because
of the surrounding blood vessels now
it's important to note that there is no
step-by-step process in inflammation
it's usually one off one happening with
each other or something like that so
what can happen is that during this
injury a pathogen will infiltrate the
body and come into the tissue this
pathogen Lister says a bacteria will
trigger many responses particularly by
the surrounding cells first of all so
what happens is that this bacteria
actually expresses certain proteins
certain molecules on its surface known
as PA MP pa MP is recognized by the
immune cells they are recognized by the
immune cells within the tissue such as
mass cells and macrophages once the mast
cells recognizes this pathogen or
recognizes that a pathogen has has
infiltrated the body it will secrete in
the histamine it has stored in the
granules histamine when secreted will
cause vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability so here we have
the blood vessels increasing invest of a
permeability meaning the endothelial
cells contract allowing small gaps to
form as well as the blood vessel will
dilate vasodilation
which will increase blood flow meaning
that more immune cells can come inside
the inflamed tissue because it because
the blood vessels are permeable these
immune cells in the blood vessel can
migrate to the inflamed tissue or the
site of infiltration or injury the
migration process or immigration process
is known as diet the DC's and I have a
video on that now what else could happen
during this inflammation process
well the macrophages which recognize the
PA MP of the pathogen will also secrete
cytokines
cytokine is also an inflammatory
mediator the macrophages will secrete
cytokines particularly cytokines TNF
alpha tumor necrosis factor alpha and
interleukin 1 these cytokines will cause
a local effect and a systemic effect the
local effect being inflammation which is
very dilation and increase in vascular
permeability the cytokines will also
trigger or cause tissue repair by
activating or stimulating fibroblasts
activity now the cytokine systemic
effect include a fever so becoming hot
as well as leukocytosis meaning the
accumulation essentially of white blood
cells are circulating within the blood
vessel and as usually and it usually
happens during an inflammatory response
so anyway the cytokines will essentially
also promote the immigration of these
immune cells from the blood vessels into
the inflamed tissue such as a neutrophil
and monocytes when the monocytes
actually move from the blood vessel into
the tissue the monocytes will become
macrophages so within the blood vessel
or while it's circulating they are known
as monocytes but once they enter tissues
they are known as macrophages so let's
talk about repair - as I mentioned the
cytokines tnf-alpha interleukin 1 the
local effects it causes is repair how
does it do this
you