Now that we know a little bit about the formation and
enthalpy change, and what enthalpy is, we can talk a
little bit about Hess's Law.
And what this tells us is that the energy change of a process
is independent of how we get from one state to another.
And really, that's a by-product of the fact that
energy is a state variable.
Whether we're talking about enthalpy or internal energy,
they're state variables.
And we've talked multiple times that it's independent of
how many steps it takes to get there, or what path
you happen to take.
But how is that useful to us when we're dealing with
everyday reactions?
So let me just make up some reaction where I have A plus B
yields, oh, I don't know, let's just say this
yields C plus D.
And I wanted to figure out what was the change in
enthalpy of this reaction?
Or essentially, how much heat is absorbed or released by
this reaction.
I don't know what it is.
I haven't measured it.
And all I have are the heats of formation.
So all I know is, how do you go-- so I know the heat of
formation of A-- so let me call
that the heat of formation.
Remember, H isn't for heat.
Even though we kept calling it heat of formation, it's
actually the change in enthalpy.
And it's the standard change in enthalpy.
But the change in enthalpy we know as heat.
So it's heat, change in enthalpy of formation was the
same thing as heat of formation.
This little naught sign tells us it's a
standard heat the formation.
We can look up that in a table, and let's say that
that's some number.
And then we have our heat of formation of B-- delta heat of
formation, let me call it, of B.
This Is heat of formation of A, and it's a
standard heat of formation.
And we could look up in a table that heat of formation
of C, which is change in enthalpy.
And then the heat of formation for D.
So all of these things we can look up in a table, right?
And we'll do that in a second.
Now, what has Hess's law tells us is that the change in
energy, the change in-- and enthalpy is what we're
measuring here-- the change in enthalpy here is independent
of what we're doing.
So instead of saying this reaction, we could say hey,
let's go from this reaction, and go back-- let me do it in
a different color.
Let's go back to our constituent products, so kind
of the elemental form of these.
So you know, if this was like carbon dioxide, you'd be going
back to the carbon and the oxygen molecules.
So you'd go back to the elemental form.
And how much energy, or what's the change in enthalpy, as you
go back to the elemental form?
The heat of formation is what you get from the element of
form to A, or the elemental form to B.
So to get A and B back to the elemental form is going to be
the minus of those.
You're going to take the reaction
in the other direction.
So this change is going to take minus delta-- the heat
of, I guess, of forming A, or it could be the minus the heat
of deconstructing A, you can almost view it.
And it would also be minus the same thing for B.
And then, this is just the elemental form.
And now we can go from the elemental
form back to the products.
Because we have the same atoms here.
They're just rearranging themselves into two different
sets of molecules.
So now we can go back from the elemental form and go up here.
And we know what those are.
We know how much energy it takes to go from the elemental
form to C and D.
That's their heats of formation.
So Hess's Law tells us that delta H of this reaction, the
change in enthalpy of this reaction, is essentially going
to be the sum of what it takes to decompose these guys, which
is the minus heat of formations of these guys, plus
what it takes to reform these guys over here.
So we can just write it as delta H of formation for C
plus delta H of formation for D.
So the heat of formations for these guys minus these guys.
This is what it took you to get to the elemental form.
So minus delta heat of formation of A, minus delta
heat of formation of B.
And then you'll have the heat of the reaction.
And if it's negative, we would have released energy.
And if this number is positive, then that means that
there's more energy here than on this side, so we would have
to absorb energy for this reaction to happen, and it
would be endothermic.
So this is all abstract and everything, and I've told you
about Hess's Law.
Let's actually apply it to some problems.
So let's say I have this reaction right here, where I
start with ammonia.
And it's ammonia gas.
And I'm going to react that with molecular oxygen to yield
some nitrogen monoxide, 4 moles of it, and some water.
So what's the heat of this reaction right here?
So what we do, is we just look up the heats of formation of
each of these.
So let's just look them up.
Let's start with the ammonia.
What's the heat of formation of ammonia?
And it's always given in kilojoules per mole, so
they'll say to form one mole of ammonia.
So to form 1 mole of ammonia-- let's look up here.
This is all cut and paste from Wikipedia.
And am I starting in the gaseous or the aqueous state?
Well, I think I just-- see, I'm
starting the gaseous state.
I've added that G there.
So ammonia in the gaseous state has a heat of formation
of minus 45.9 per joule.
So what is that going-- so minus 45.9
kilojoules per mole.
That's just for one mole of
ammonia, the heat of formation.
It's in kilojoules.
I'll just look them all up right now.
Now what's the heat of formation of oxygen?
And I'm not going to look it up right now, because oxygen
is in its elemental form.
So if you see something in the form that it just always
takes, before you do anything to it, its heat of
formation is 0.
So if you see O2, its heat of formation is 0.
If you see hydrogen, if you see H2, its heat of
formation is 0.
If you see carbon by itself, heat of formation is 0.
Carbon in the solid state, heat of formation is 0, at
standard temperature and pressure.
Now what about nitrogen monoxide?
Let's look that up.
I have it right here.
Nitrogen monoxide.
Heat of formation.
It's positive, 90.29.
And finally, what's the heat of formation of water?
Well, let me see.
Liquid water.
Minus 285.83.
Now you might tempted to say, OK.
Hess's Law says that if if we want the delta H for this
reaction, we just take this plus this, and subtract that.
And you'd be almost right, but you'd get the problem wrong.
Because these are the heat of formation per mole.
But we notice in this reaction, we have 4 moles of
this, plus 5 moles of this, yields 4 moles of this plus 6
moles of that.
So we have to multiply this times the number of moles.
So here I have to multiply this times 4, 4 here, and I
have to multiply it times 4 here, and I have to multiply
it times 6 here.
I don't even worry about multiplying 0 times 5, because
it's just going to be 0.
So now we can apply Hess's Law to figure out the delta H of
this reaction.
So the delta H of this reaction is going to be equal
to, 4 times the heat of formation of nitrogen
monoxide-- so 4 times 90.29, plus 6 times the heat of
formation of water.
So plus, I'll switch colors, 6 times minus 285.83.
And just as a side note, given that the heat of formation of
nitrogen monoxide is positive, that means that you have to
add heat to a system to get this to its elemental form.
So it has more energy than its elemental form.
So it won't just happen by itself.
And water, on the other hand, it releases energy when you
form it from its elemental form.
So in some ways, it's more stable.
But anyway let me--
So these are the heats of formations of the products.
And then we want to subtract out the heats of formation of
the reactants in our reaction.
So here it's 4 times 45.9-- Let me make sure.
It's a minus 45.9.
Right?
That ammonia had a minus 45.9 heat of formation.
So what did we end up with?
Let me get the calculator out.
So I have-- let me make sure I put it over here.
I have to be able to read it.
Well, I'll just do it off the screen, because my screen is
getting filled up.
So I have-- let me just do it here.
4 times 90.29 plus 6 times 285.83 negative is equal to--
so so far, we're at minus 1,353.
Does that sound about right?
That looks about right.
And now we want to subtract from that 4 times minus 45.9.
So we want to subtract-- so minus 4 times 45.9 negative is
equal to minus 1,170.
So our delta h of this reaction is equal to minus
1,170 kilojoules for this reaction.
And all we did is, we took the heat of formation of the
products, multiply it times the number of moles, and
subtracted out the heat of formation
of the actual reactants.
There you go.
Let's do one more of these.
Let's say I had some propane.
I had some propane, and I'm going to combust it.
I'm going to oxidize the propane to yield some carbon
dioxide in water.
Well, it's the same drill.
What's the heat of formation of propane?
Look it up here.
It is amazing how exhaustive these lists really are.
Propane is down here in its liquid state.
Heat of formation minus 104.7.
So let me write that down.
Minus 104.7.
Heat of formation of oxygen in its elemental state.
That's how you always find oxygen.
So it's just 0.
Heat of formation of carbon dioxide-- Let's see.
Carbon dioxide, and as a gas, minus 393.5.
And water.
We already figured that out.
It's minus 285.83.
So how much heat is formed when we combust one mole of
propane right here?
So let's see.
We have to figure out the heat of the products, the heat of
formation of the products-- so it's going to be 3 times this.
Because we formed 3 moles of this.
For every mole, we release this much energy.
And then plus 4 times this, and then
subtract out 1 times this.
So what do we get?
We get 3 times 393.5 and that's a
negative, is equal to that.
Plus 4 times 285.83 negative is equal to minus 2,300
kilojoules, roughly.
And then we have to subtract out 1 times this.
Or we could just add 104.7.
So let me just do that.
So plus 104.7 is equal to minus 2,200.
So here my heat of this reaction, is equal to minus
2,219 kilojoules as we go in this direction.
For every mole of propane that I combust, I will actually
produce this much energy on the other side.
Because this right here has roughly 2,200 less kilojoules
than this side right there.
So I could actually rewrite this reaction where I write
all that, and I could have added--
actually, let me do it.
I could rewrite this reaction is C3H8 propane, plus 5
oxygens, yields 3 carbon dioxides plus 4 waters plus
2,219 kilojoules.
That's actually what's released by this reaction.
It's exothermic.
This side of the reaction has less heat than this side, and
that-- it didn't just disappear.
It got released.
And this is where it got released.
Now sometimes you'll see a question where they say, hey.
Fair enough.
You figured out the heat of this reaction.
How much heat is going to be released if I were to hand
you, I don't know, let's say I were to hand
you 33 grams of propane?
Well, then you just start thinking, oh, well, how many
moles of propane this is.
Because if I combust one mole of propane, I
get this much heat.
So how many moles of propane is 33 grams?
Well, how much does 1 mole weigh?
The 1 mole of carbon weighs 12 grams. 1 mole of hydrogen
weighs 1 gram.
So 1 mole of propane is going to be 3 times 12-- so times 3,
because we have 3 carbons there and 8 hydrogens, so
times 8-- so it's going to be equal to 36 plus 88.
So it's going to be 44.
So this is going to be 44 grams per mole, right?
This is, let me write that down.
44 grams per mole.
Now, if I give you 33 grams, how many
moles am I giving you?
Well, 33 grams times, I guess we could say, 1 over 44 moles
per gram-- I don't have to write the whole gram there.
And then the grams cancel.
I'm giving you 33 over 44 of a mole, or I'm
giving you 0.75 moles.
So if one mole produces this much energy, 3/4 of a mole is
going to produce 3/4 of this.
So we just multiply that times 0.75.
And you get 1,664.
So times 0.75 is equal to 1,664.
So if I were to give you 1 mole of propane, and I were to
combust it with enough oxygen, I'll produce 2,200 kilojoules
that's released from the system.
So this side of system has less energy left over.
But if I were to only give you 33 grams, which is 3/4 of a
mole, then you're going to release roughly 1,600
kilojoules.
Anyway.
Hopefully you found that helpful.