Charles Lincoln Van Doren is an American intellectual, writer, and editor who was involved in a television
quiz show scandal in the 1950s.
In 1959 he confessed before the United States Congress that he had been given the correct
answers by the producers of the show Twenty One.
Background The son of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and
literary critic/teacher Mark Van Doren and novelist and writer Dorothy Van Doren, and
nephew of critic and Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer Carl Van Doren, Charles Van Doren
was a committed academic with an unusually broad range of interests.
He graduated from The High School of Music & Art and then earned a B.A. degree in Liberal
Arts from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, as well as a master's degree in
astrophysics and a doctorate in English, both at Columbia University.
He was also a student at Cambridge University in England.
In 1962, Van Doren wrote an article about encyclopedias called The Idea of an Encyclopedia.
Quiz show star Twenty One was not Van Doren's first interest.
He was long believed to have approached producers Dan Enright and Albert Freedman, originally,
to appear on Tic-Tac-Dough, another game they produced.
Van Doren eventually revealed—five decades after his Twenty One championship and fame,
in a surprise article for The New Yorker—that he did not even own a television set, but
had met Freedman through a mutual friend, with Freedman initiating the idea of Van Doren
going on television by way of asking what he thought of Tic-Tac-Dough.
Enright and Freedman were impressed by Van Doren's polite style and telegenic appearance,
thinking the youthful Columbia teacher would be the man to defeat their incumbent Twenty
One champion, Herb Stempel, and boost the show's slowing ratings as Stempel's reign
continued.
In January 1957, Van Doren entered a winning streak that ultimately earned him more than
$129,000 and made him famous, including an appearance on the cover of TIME on February
11, 1957.
His Twenty One run ended on March 11, when he lost to Vivienne Nearing, a lawyer whose
husband Van Doren had previously beaten.
After his defeat he was offered a three-year contract with NBC.
Numerous writings since have suggested Van Doren was offered a job as a special "cultural
correspondent" for The Today Show almost at once—but Van Doren subsequently reminded
people that his first job was as a newswriter, short-lived, before he began doing small pieces
for Today host Dave Garroway's weekend cultural program, Wide Wide World—pieces that led
quickly to Garroway's inviting Van Doren to join Today.
Van Doren also made guest appearances on other NBC programs, even serving as Today's substitute
host when Garroway took a brief vacation.
Quiz show scandal When allegations of cheating were first raised,
by Stempel and others, Van Doren denied any wrongdoing, saying "It's silly and distressing
to think that people don't have more faith in quiz shows."
As the investigation by the district attorney's office and eventually US Congress progressed,
Charles Van Doren, now host on The Today Show, was under pressure from NBC to testify, in
order to avoid the committee's subpoena.
It was another former Twenty-One contestant, an artist named James Snodgrass, who would
finally provide indisputable corroborating proof that the show had been rigged.
Snodgrass had documented every answer he was coached on in a series of registered letters
he mailed to himself prior to the show being taped.
One month after the hearings began, Van Doren emerged from hiding and confessed before the
committee that he had been complicit in the fraud.
On November 2, 1959, he admitted to the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight, a United
States Congress subcommittee, chaired by Arkansas Democrat Oren Harris, that he had been given
questions and answers in advance of the show.
I was involved, deeply involved, in a deception.
The fact that I, too, was very much deceived cannot keep me from being the principal victim
of that deception, because I was its principal symbol.
There may be a kind of justice in that.
I don’t know.
I do know, and I can say it proudly to this committee, that since Friday, October 16,
when I finally came to a full understanding of what I had done and of what I must do,
I have taken a number of steps toward trying to make up for it.
I have a long way to go.
I have deceived my friends, and I had millions of them.
Whatever their feeling for me now, my affection for them is stronger today than ever before.
I am making this statement because of them.
I hope my being here will serve them well and lastingly.
I asked to let me go on honestly, without receiving help.
He said that was impossible.
He told me that I would not have a chance to defeat Stempel because he was too knowledgeable.
He also told me that the show was merely entertainment and that giving help to quiz contests was
a common practice and merely a part of show business.
This of course was not true, but perhaps I wanted to believe him.
He also stressed the fact that by appearing on a nationally televised program I would
be doing a great service to the intellectual life, to teachers and to education in general,
by increasing public respect for the work of the mind through my performances.
In fact, I think I have done a disservice to all of them.
I deeply regret this, since I believe nothing is of more vital importance to our civilization
than education.
Authorities differ regarding the audience's reaction to Van Doren's statement.
David Halberstam writes in his book The Fifties that
"Aware of Van Doren's great popularity, the committee members handled him gently and repeatedly
praised him for his candor.
Only Congressman Steve Derounian announced that he saw no particular point in praising
someone of Van Doren's exceptional talents and intelligence for simply telling the truth.
With that, the room suddenly exploded with applause, and [Congressional investigator]
Richard N. Goodwin knew at that moment ordinary people would not so easily forgive Van Doren."
By contrast, William Manchester, in his narrative history The Glory and the Dream, recounts
a diametrically opposite response:
"The crowd at the hearing had been with Van Doren, applauding him and his admirers on
the subcommittee and greeting Congressman Derounians's comment with stony silence."
An Associated Press story, dated November 2, 1959, seems to verify Halberstam's version
of events.
As quoted from the November 3, 1959 edition of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette:
"While there was a burst of applause when Mr. Harris dismissed Mr. Van Doren with a
"God bless you", there was applause, too, when Rep. Steven B. Derounian, Republican,
New York, declined to go along with compliments that other committee members showered on the
witness for telling the truth.
'I don't think an adult of your intelligence ought to be commended for telling the truth,'
Mr. Derounian declared in severe tones.
Mr. Van Doren winced, flushed, and ducked his head."
Steven Derounian and the Congressional Subcommittee that investigated the 1950s Quiz show scandals
are presented in Robert Redford's 1994 film Quiz Show where Derounian dissents saying:
"I'm happy that you've made the statement.
But I cannot agree with most of my colleagues.
See, I don't think an adult of your intelligence should be commended for simply, at long last,
telling the truth."
His actual remarks, taken from the published transcript, were: "Mr. Van Doren, I am happy
that you made the statement, but I cannot agree with most of my colleagues who commended
you for telling the truth, because I don't think an adult of your intelligence ought
to be commended for telling the truth."
Aftermath Van Doren was dropped from NBC and resigned
from his post of assistant professor at Columbia University.
He became an editor at Praeger Books and a pseudonymous writer, before becoming an editor
of the Encyclopædia Britannica and the author of several books, of which the popular-market
text A History of Knowledge may be his best known.
He also co-authored a well-received revision of How to Read a Book with its original author,
philosopher Mortimer J. Adler, and co-edited with him a 1,771-page anthology titled Great
Treasury of Western Thought.
He had already worked with Adler on an 18-volume collection of documents covering American
history, entitled The Annals of America, which was accompanied by a two-volume, 1,300-page
"topical index" organized around twenty-five themes and entitled Great Issue in American
Life: A Conspectus.
In his eventual article in The New Yorker, Van Doren revealed he had actually been contemplating
the Britannica job even at the height of his celebrity: taking a long walk with his father
around the farmlands they both loved, the elder Van Doren mentioned to his son that
Mortimer J. Adler, the philosopher and a member of Britannica's board of editors, had spoken
of making Van Doren Britannica's editor-in-chief.
Van Doren eventually accepted the job, he would write, by way of intercession from a
former college roommate.
Van Doren retired from Britannica in 1982.
Van Doren also revealed he had been offered an opportunity to do a PBS series on the history
of philosophy but that its tentative producer, Julian Krainin, might actually have had in
mind Van Doren's explicit cooperation on a planned PBS program recalling the quiz show
scandals.
When that did not occur, Van Doren wrote, Krainin later sought his cooperation and consultation
when Robert Redford was beginning to make Quiz Show—even conveying that Van Doren
would be paid in six figures for it.
After wrestling with the idea—and, he wrote, noting his wife's objections—Van Doren rejected
it.
It would be five decades before Van Doren finally broke his silence on the quiz show
scandal to New Yorker magazine.
Today, both Van Doren and his wife, Gerry, are adjunct professors of English at the University
of Connecticut, Torrington branch.
They live in a "small, old house" on the land his parents bought near Falls Village, Connecticut
over eighty years earlier.
Film version The story of the quiz show scandal and Van
Doren's role in it is depicted in the film Quiz Show, produced and directed by Robert
Redford and written by Paul Attanasio.
The film made $24 million by April 1995, and was nominated for Academy Awards in the categories
of Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and Best Adapted Screenplay.
The film earned several critiques questioning its use of dramatic license, its accuracy,
and the motivation behind its making.
The critics have included Joseph Stone, the New York prosecutor who began the investigations;
and Jeffrey Hart, a Dartmouth College scholar, senior editor of National Review, and a longtime
friend of Van Doren, who saw the film as falsely implying tension between Van Doren and his
accomplished father.
Until recently Van Doren had refused interviews or public comment on the subject of the quiz
show scandals.
In a 1985 interview on The Today Show—his only appearance on the program since his dismissal
in 1959, plugging his book The Joy Of Reading—he answered a general question on how the scandal
changed his life.
He has revisited Columbia University only twice in the 40 years that followed his resignation:
in 1984, when his son John graduated; and, in 1999, at a reunion of Columbia's Class
of 1959.
The graduating class of 1959 entered the university when Van Doren first became a teacher there
in 1955.
During the latter appearance, Van Doren made one allusion to the quiz scandal without mentioning
it by name:
Some of you read with me 40 years ago a portion of Aristotle's Ethics, a selection of passages
that describe his idea of happiness.
You may not remember too well.
I remember better, because, despite the abrupt caesura in my academic career that occurred
in 1959, I have gone on teaching the humanities almost continually to students of all kinds
and ages.
In case you don't remember, then, I remind you that according to Aristotle happiness
is not a feeling or sensation but instead is the quality of a whole life.
The emphasis is on "whole," a life from beginning to end.
Especially the end.
The last part, the part you're now approaching, was for Aristotle the most important for happiness.
It makes sense, doesn't it?
"All the Answers" The July 28, 2008 issue of The New Yorker
included a personal reminiscence titled "All the Answers," written by Van Doren, in which
he recounted in detail the scandals and their aftermath.
Other than very occasional and often very abbreviated references to it, Van Doren had
never before spoken publicly about the scandal, his role, and its effects on his life.
He referred to the film, saying he was bothered most by the closing credits' reference that
he never taught again: "I didn't stop teaching, though it was a long time before I taught
again in a college."
But he also said he enjoyed John Turturro's portrayal of his Twenty-One rival, Herb Stempel.
The article also contradicted many impressions of Van Doren that the film had created: the
film portrayed him as a bachelor when he was actually engaged; it suggested he had a fascination
with the burgeoning, popular television quiz shows when in fact he did not even own a television
set; that the only reason he became even mildly acquainted with Twenty-One was because co-producer
Al Freedman shared a mutual acquaintance with one of Van Doren's friends; and, that he had
been offered his job with Today promptly after losing to Vivien Nearing when, in fact, NBC
was not sure at first what to do with him, until he did work for Dave Garroway's Sunday
afternoon cultural show, Wide Wide World, which then led to the invitation to join Today.
Van Doren also addressed and denied the film's insinuations that he had been friends with
Congressional investigator Richard Goodwin while Van Doren was Twenty One's reigning
champion.
According to Van Doren, the two men had not met until August 1959, when the subcommittee
to which Goodwin served as counsel had begun investigating the quiz shows and Van Doren
was already established on The Today Show.
The producers of Quiz Show had sought his cooperation as a consultant, but Van Doren
rejected it at the time.
References
Further reading Thomas Doherty, "Quiz Show Scandals," The
Museum of Broadcast Communications.
Jeffrey Hart, "'Van Doren' and 'Redford'," National Review, 7 November 1994.
Lina Lofaro, "Charles Van Doren Vs. the Quiz Show Dream Team," Time, 19 September 1994.
Robert Metz, CBS: Reflections in a Bloodshot Eye.
Joseph Stone, Prime-time and Misdemeanors: Investigating the 1950s TV Quiz Scandal—A
D.A.'s Account.
David Halberstam, The Fifties, Random House, 1993.
Charles Van Doren, "All the Answers," The New Yorker, 28 July 2008.
External links "The Quiz Show Scandal", American Experience,
PBS "The Remarkable Van Dorens", Time, Feb. 11,
1957 Testimony of Charles Van Doren on the quiz
show scandals