Welcome to Impact Factor, your weekly dose of commentary on a new medical study.
I’m Dr. F. Perry Wilson of the Yale School of Medicine.
Whenever a study I’m discussing touches on an area which might present a conflict
of interest, I need to be transparent about it.
And here, I have a big one.
A 12-year-old daughter.
This week, a study examining the effect of social media on adolescents, appearing in
Nature Communications.
Growing up is hard.
But there is a rapidly growing volume of data suggesting that social media, particularly
for young girls, makes growing up harder.
Social media takes the regular stresses of adolescence – the clique-forming, the gossip,
the relationships – and turns the volume up to 11.
Beyond that, the digital nature of social media means that every social faux-pas can
be shared, amplified, reacted to – literally immortalized.
Still, the literature regarding the impact of social media has been somewhat limited
methodologically.
In particular, cross-sectional studies lack the ability to identify which direction the
arrow of causality points.
It shows a link between greater social media use and less happiness in kids, but are kids
less happy because they are on social media more?
Or are kids on social media more because they are less happy?
In the Nature Communications study, Dr. Amy Orben and colleagues leveraged a large, longitudinal
UK dataset to start to tease out the answers.
Over the past decade or so, families in the UK were surveyed about their overall life
satisfaction and a variety of other factors, including their self-reported social media
use.
It’s a rather large dataset comprising over 70,000 individuals.
To start simply, the authors present a cross-sectional analysis.
As you can see, the broad trend in this graph is that life satisfaction decreases as you
get older.
Sorry kids.
But within various age groups, you see how social media use modifies that effect.
Look here at the life satisfaction scores of kids from age 11 to 14.
Within any given year, the kids who use more social media (that’s higher numbers on the
bottom of the X-axis) have worse life satisfaction scores – dramatically worse in the case
of girls (in red there).
That highest-use group, by the way, was reporting 7 or more hours of social media per day, which
is, yes fully possible for a 12-year old girl to achieve.
But cross-sectional data only gets us so far.
To better tease out causality, the authors looked at how social media use in one year
would translate into life satisfaction the following year.
And vice versa, how life satisfaction in a given year would translate into social media
use in the next year.
They found evidence of both effects, in fact, creating something of a feedback loop.
More social media use leads to less life satisfaction which leads to more social media use and so
on.
They were also able to examine when adolescents are most sensitive to the adverse effects
of social media.
What you see here is that, among girls, ages 11 to 13 seem to be the prime time for social
media to damage life satisfaction, while the age of greatest sensitivity is 14-16 years
in boys.
There’s also an interesting period of heightened adverse effects of social media in both sexes
around age 19, which probably corresponds to the time when young men and women are moving
out on their own for the first time.
A research question for another day, perhaps.
I should point out that there is social media and there is social media.
The study doesn’t have the ability to differentiate between the affects of Facebook or Instagram,
Snapchat, or even group-texts, which seem to be how my daughter spends most of her time.
The data is fairly consistent and believable.
The question really is what do we do with it.
I think more and more research is making it clear that social media has profound negative
effects on adolescents – particularly girls.
Social media use seems to pose a real risk to young people, and I have to ask – what
is the potential benefit?
What purpose does it serve?
An article in the Washington Post last week pointed out that our children’s mental health
has been on the decline for a while – not just due to the COVID pandemic.
Social media is a part of this.
It’s time we admit it.
Is social media a public health threat?
Should social media be treated as we treat cigarettes – forbidden until you’re old
enough?
I honestly think the kids wouldn’t mind.
The reason kids want to be on social media is because everyone else seems to be on social
media.
Maybe it’s time that changes.
For Medscape, I'm Perry Wilson.