Hello and welcome to a narrated tour of the 2013
Operation IceBridge campaign over the ice sheet, ice caps, glaciers
and sea ice of the Arctic.
Here to tell us a little bit more about the mission are Operation IceBridge Project Scientist
Michael Studinger and NASA sea ice scientist Nathan Kurtz. Welcome.
Studinger and Kurtz: Thank you.
Ok, Michael can you start us off and describe what we're seeing here?
Studinger: Yeah, this is a typical early morning at Thule air base in northern Greenland.
when it's still early in the year, probably some time in March.
When the sun is low in the horizon in the morning as you can see here in these images.
And we are following the vehicle here on the taxi ramp
that brings us to the airfield after we made a decision in the morning
to fly. You can see that the runway is a little icy
here, occasionally, and also an interesting change here
you see that the runway here in Thule is white. And this is not
actually snow on the runway but the runway in Thule is
actually painted with white color to keep the albedo
down during the summer in order to avoid the permafrost melting there.
Interviewer: Excellent, and so after takeoff there's usually some sort of a
transit time, is that correct? To get to the place that you're studying.
Studinger: Well, if we fly a sea ice mission we
often have half an hour or an hour to get to the
sea ice north of Thule which you can see here, but if we fly land ice
mission we often start recording pretty much right away as soon as we
are allowed to get out of the seats and walk around on the aircraft.
Interviewer: Nice. So this is one of the early sea ice missions in the campaign,
can you tell us why, why is it named CryoSat -- what does Cryosat
have to do with what we do?
Kurtz: so what this mission was trying to accomplish was to underfly a satellite called
CryoSat which was launched by ESA in 2010.
CryoSat is a radar altimeter, which measures the height
of the surface above a reference level, so in this case we're trying to measure
the height of the sea ice surface above the water level, so you can
see water in the video, so when CryoSat flies
near water, it gets a strong return from the water, it pretty much dominates
what is seen by the radar, but then when
CryoSat flies over rough sea ice, how rough
the sea ice is, you can see ridges in the sea ice, different features in the sea ice
CryoSat responds very differently to those features, and
we were trying to fly a grid pattern over the entire, it's called the
footprint of CryoSat, which is up to a kilometer and a half to cover it with
measurements to see how the CryoSat radar return looked.
Interviewer: Sounds good. And I want to point
out to everybody that the video that you're seeing right now is sped up
about three times, so the plane is, the flight is a little smoother than
it appears from some of these, and throughout the course of this video we'll play with the time
quite a bit, but sometimes show it at the real pace too. And Nathan,
do we, do you care much scientifically, have much interest
in the sea ice that is in these fjords and is sticking
close to the coast or are you mainly concerned about the main
kind of ice packs out in the ocean?
Kurtz: we're mainly concerned with the ice in the main ice pack. Now,
there is interest in the ice in the fjords
and how it interacts with the ice shelves, because
sea ice around can dampen ocean waves, things like that
these are really poorly understood processes.
So there is a branch of scientists who are, who do
like to study the sea ice. A lot of the sea ice
studies that are done, say at NASA Goddard, are more focused
on the more central pack, because that's the
larger climatological feature that we want to see changing.
Interviewer: moving on to the next mission, there's one here called
Laxon Line. Another sea ice mission, is that right?
Studinger: yes, that's correct. And this is actually one out of the two most important
sea ice flights that we have since it's
covering the entire Arctic Ocean from an area a little
bit north of Alert all the way down to the coast of Alaska.
So we get a profile over the entire
Arctic Ocean there which is a tremendous data set. And we are doing this on two
lines. One in the north is called the Laxon Line.
And we also fly back from Fairbanks along
a transit or profile slightly south of it to get a second
sample of the sea ice across the entire Arctic Ocean there.
Kurtz: so what we see in terms of the sea ice is, around Greenland,
the ice is very thick and north of Canada. That's where we see the
thickest ice that stays around all year. As you head
towards the Alaskan coast and towards the Russion
Arctic, the ice gets thinner. It's ice that only stays around
once season. It's called first year ice. So what we're doing is profiling
the thick ice because the thicker that is the
changes in the thickness of the ice determine in part how long
it will stay around. Can it survive a summer melt?
The thickness of the ice north of Alaska and Canada has been changing
quite a bit we've seen it decrease in thickness by almost half, whereas
the thickness in the first year ice areas hasn't been changing quite as much
but again, by getting a profile we can learn quite a bit about the
sea ice in these regions.
Interviewer: so, we're moving in for a landing here in Fairbanks, Alaska. So is
sea ice the reason why we're going all the way to Fairbanks?
Studinger: yeah, that's correct. Starting last year we have expanded our
activities from Fairbanks quite a bit, and the reason for the
this is because we can reach the Chukchi and Beaufort
sea from Fairbanks which we can't do from Thule
in Greenland. And those are fairly important areas
for the people who live in Alaska, for the
population there, also for industry like oil companies
so that's scientifically of course a very interesting area but it also
really impacts people working there on the sea ice or having to deal
with sea ice on a daily basis.
Kurtz: and profiling the thickness, which IceBridge does over those regions is very important because
it's those areas that used to be what's called
multi-year ice, the ice used to stay around there all year, and
in recent years the ice has been seasonal, so it comes and goes
in the summer it melts away and by
determining how thick it is, which IceBridge is measuring,
it gives us an indication what's happening in the climate, why is it thinning, why is it going away?
in the summer.
Interviewer: Excellent, and so I understand this is leaving Fairbanks.
Can you tell us what's different about this image?
Studinger: yeah, when we take off in Fairbanks and fly back to Thule, because of the
I think 5 or 7 hour time difference between Thule and
Fairbanks we actually have to take off around midnight in Fairbanks
in order to land in Thule before
4 o'clock in the afternoon when they close the airport there. And that means we are flying
the first almost two and a half, almost three hours in complete darkness
Interviewer: well, here we are, we're going to close out the video here with
the North Pole Transect, so I think we're
leaving land here, and heading
back out to see, so what do we have right below us right now?
Kurtz: so below right now is some of the thickest ice that we see in the Arctic.
Actually in the world, thickest sea ice. And that's because
the circulation of the Arctic Ocean is such that the
ice gets pushed down toward the Greenland coast towards Canada
and when it gets pushed down it gets compacted. And you see those large
ridges which are down below and that makes this ice very very
thick. So it's this really thick ice that forms what's also called
the multi-year ice pack. And so what we're flying here is we're
flying up towards the North Pole, so we're sampling the thickest ice.
We're trying to see how thick is that ice and as we get
towards the North Pole we start to get near the boundary of where the seasonal ice
and this multi-year ice area is and so
we start to see a decrease in the thickness of the ice as we go out.
And how quickly the ice thickness decreases
out towards this area tells us something about how long can
this ice survive? What's happening to the ice in terms of
a changing climate? Because we've had submarine measurements
in the past few decades which have historically
profiled quite a bit along this region near the North Pole, and there's
also lots of historical interest in the North Pole
region itself, there's camps, people put buoys out
lots of measurements around the actual North Pole itself so this transect
is very import because it tells us, you know, how is the ice
changing from the thickest out into that seasonal ice region.
Interviewer: Excellent, well thank you this has been great. Studinger and Kurtz: thank you.
[chimes]