DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: We're in the Neues Museum in Berlin.
And we're looking at the famous bust of Nefertiti.
It is a life-size, full-color image,
and it's really impressive.
DR. BETH HARRIS: It's the treasure of this museum.
And it's been placed in a rotunda with a large dome.
She's been placed slightly higher than eye level,
so we look up at her.
She's fabulously beautiful.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: She's virtually the sole work
of art in this very large space.
Clearly, she is the focal point.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Yeah, it's quite theatrical.
And unlike so many other Egyptian sculptures,
she wasn't intended for a tomb.
She was found in the studio of the artist who made her,
Thutmose.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: We think that this sculpture was actually
a model that he'd created in order to work
on other sculptures of her.
That is, this sculpture would function really
as a three-dimensional sketch.
DR. BETH HARRIS: As a prototype.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: That's right.
And there are a few reasons why that's thought.
Not only was it found in his studio,
but it is incomplete in a way that
suggests that it was never meant to be completed.
If you look, for instance, at the sockets of the eyes,
that would generally be inlaid with semi-precious stones.
But only one eye has any inlay in it.
And in that case, it's a temporary material, even wax,
and so not the kind of quality one
would expect in a full-fledged sculpture for the queen.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Art historians have discovered
through scientific analysis that she's
made not just of painted limestone
but limestone that's been covered
with a very, very thin layer of plaster.
And that enabled the sculptor to achieve really subtle effects
modeling her face.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: But then the neck and the headdress plaster
gets much thicker, and it would have been much easier
to work and create that very fine detail on the plaster
rather than the coarser material of the limestone core.
DR. BETH HARRIS: And that's so important
where we see the lines, very subtle movement
around her cheeks.
What's so remarkable about the sculpture
is how sensitively carved she is, how we really
get a sense of skin and bone and these lovely movements
around her face.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: She's tremendously elegant, but even
beyond the simple elegance of the contours
of her face, her high cheekbones,
the shallow of her cheeks.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Her long neck.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: Beautiful symmetry.
A way in which line is unified throughout the entire portrait
bust.
For instance, follow the lines downward
that are constructed by the contours of her headdress
[? that ?] tapers as it moves towards her chin.
So her face and headdress create a perfect triangle.
But that's actually continued by the lines of her neck
below her chin.
And it's accentuated by the lighting in this museum.
But it really does create this sense of continuity
from the top of the sculpture to its base.
DR. BETH HARRIS: What we're describing
is a new ideal of beauty that's really
different from the tradition of ancient Egyptian sculpture.
And that's because Nefertiti was the wife
of the pharaoh Akhenaten, who established
a new religion in ancient Egypt which was monotheistic instead
of the traditional polytheistic religion.
And with that, he created a new ideal of beauty
that we see in the sculptures that
were created during his reign.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: That's right.
I think we see this sculpture really as a perfect exemplar.
Nefertiti is especially interesting
because we believe she did not simply
function as the wife of the pharaoh.
She is shown in so many portraits
with the accoutrements of the ruler
that we think that she actually shared power.
DR. BETH HARRIS: It's interesting,
this period that we call the Amarna period of Akhenaten's
reign, where we have two powerful women-- his mother,
Tiye, and his wife, Nefertiti.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: Both represented as beautiful women,
as powerful women, and giving us a kind of insight
into late Egyptian culture.