(light classical music)
- Each of us thinks of ourselves
as kind of a little god.
It's very uncomfortable for us to think
that our desires might not be entirely our own.
There's a certain humility needed
to understand that I'm the product
of other people's desires, starting with my parents.
Humans tends to group people on the inside
and on the outside.
In order to maintain group identity and social cohesion,
it's a never-ending process.
And that can bring us into a dangerous vicious cycle
because as humans,
we have a natural tendency to transfer blame.
Which means, scapegoats are all around us.
All it takes is somebody to stand out a little bit
and that starts this process of scapegoating.
Once one person has identified a person or a group
as problematic, it makes it a lot easier
for the second and third and fourth person
to believe in the guilt of the scapegoat.
I'm Luke Burgis,
founder of Fourth Wall Ventures,
and author of the book
"Wanting: The Power of Mimetic Desire in Everyday Life."
(light music)
Rene Girard was one of the great interdisciplinary minds
of the 20th century.
He was a French thinker who spent 15 years of his life
at Stanford University.
He was a genius of human nature.
He had this keen power of observation
to see what was at the root of human behavior.
And one of the observations that he had
was that desire is mimetic.
To say that desire is mimetic is to say
that it's imitative.
We imitate the desires of others,
really from the first moment that we're born.
And as groups, it's even more powerful.
This gets to the heart of the scapegoat mechanism.
The more people begin to engage in this mimetic process,
the easier it is to convince ourselves
of the guilt of the scapegoat.
(light classical music)
A scapegoat is someone or some group
that is used to achieve a very specific purpose.
People make scapegoats when there's some fundamental truth
that they don't want to acknowledge.
A person or a society can transfer the blame onto them
and expel or eliminate them
and imagine that the cause of all of their problems is gone.
People do it because it produces a sense of catharsis
or relief or healing.
Scapegoating feels good
because it's a way of protecting ourselves
from having to suffer.
Somebody else has to pay the price for our sins,
for our weakness.
Scapegoating also forms group identity.
Throughout history, when there's absolute social disorder
is the time when there's most likely to be a scapegoat.
And the scapegoat brings a moment of peace and relief.
"Ah, we finally identified the root of the problem.
We dealt with that."
(light music)
But the scapegoat mechanism never happens intentionally.
It's always subconscious.
If we thought that we were scapegoating,
it wouldn't produce the catharsis.
It wouldn't produce the desired effect.
So, scapegoats are selected
through an entirely unconscious process.
It could be totally random.
They could just be in the wrong place at the wrong time.
But it can also be people or groups
that deviated a little bit
from the societal norm.
They broke some taboo.
They said something that was threatening
to the social order.
And the interesting thing is,
the guilt or innocence at the end of the day
doesn't really matter.
- Picking up Simpson's trail as he and another man
rode along a Los Angeles freeway
in that white Ford Bronco that you see.
- Many scapegoats are innocent,
but a scapegoat doesn't have to be innocent
to make an effective scapegoat.
- And Bonds hits one high.
- A scapegoat can be guilty and still provide
that same catharsis to the people.
One of the ways that I think this plays out in our culture
is with the death penalty.
We certainly don't have to put anybody to death
in order to stay safe.
What if there was a mimetic process involved
with capital punishment
that was totally separate, an independent variable,
from the guilt or innocence of the person on death row?
There's more going on here than just criminal justice.
Think about all of the ritual elements
of the death penalty.
There's the back and forth in the media.
- I just wish that there could've been more suffering,
so to speak.
- In many states, there's a last meal.
- Timothy McVeigh's last meal consisted of two pints
of mint chocolate chip ice cream.
- There seems to be something deeper,
almost religious and sacred and sacrificial,
about capital punishment.
- Hearse carrying Bundy moved from the prison,
past a group of cheering spectators
who had waited for Bundy to die and some said
Bundy should've suffered more than he did.
(crowd cheering)
- It's worth asking where that's coming from.
And I think Girard and mimetic theory
provides some insight into this sacred function
of the scapegoating ritual.
Where people have to die in order for our society
to feel that something good has been done
and that we're able to move on.
(intense classical music continues)
We see these big scapegoats throughout history,
Jesus, the Holocaust,
but scapegoats happen on a micro level all the time.
(crowd cheering)
Steve Bartman, the Cubs fan who was scapegoated
for causing the Cubs to lose.
Sports teams that have a bad year,
what's the go-to method to make everything better?
You fire the coach.
We look around in our workplace
and we see people being scapegoated and fired.
Scapegoats are made in the news media
and in politics practically every day.
You make a scapegoat and 24 hours later, we need a new one.
The universe is swarming with scapegoats,
yet, none of us actually think that we have
any of our own.
So, the question to ask is,
who's your scapegoat?
Pull back and look at the systems of desire
that we're in.
Who are those people that are on the outside
of the economy,
that are on the outside of political processes,
who are the people that are bearing the weight
for the rest of us?
(intense classical music continues)
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