Transcriber: Matheus Guimarães Reviewer: Sakunphat Jirawuthitanant
So I stand here as a representative of a field called
Aging Science, Longevity Science.
Some people call it anti-aging. We don’t use that as scientists.
But what has happened in the last 25 years is nothing short of revolutionary.
And thank goodness I come from Harvard Medical School.
Or what I’m going to tell you tonight
you would find extremely difficult to believe is true.
I’m on record saying that the first person to live to 150 years has already been born
and I already said that about five years ago,
and in the last five years,
something extraordinary has happened since
making me think that it’s not just 150 years.
All bets are off.
And that's not just for somebody who's born today,
who will live definitely into the 22nd century, where
the technologies that they'll have,
we can barely even imagine, even 10 years from now, we can barely imagine.
But those of us who were born in the 1960s like I was
1970s, 80s and even those who are now just in their 20s will benefit from
this real major advance that I’m going to tell you about today.
If there's nothing else that you remember that I'm going to tell you tonight.
Remember this!
Aging is reversible.
I said that at a Stanford talk about three years ago, and it was scandalous.
It was. I wasn’t scared to say it.
And even in those days, I used to say:
“Well, we might slow aging a little bit.”
And that was as much as my colleagues could stand.
But these days, it's not unheard of,
and it’s certainly not going to have me thrown out of Harvard to say:
“We know how to slow down aging.
We probably can stop it,
and we might even be able to reset the age of the body multiple times.
Maybe not just twice, maybe not three times,
but for as long as we want.
And that’s the world that we live in.”
These changes that I’m going to tell you about are as big-in my belief-as
the discovery of human flight-space travel;
Silicon Valley;
energy, so batteries, cryptocurrency,
this is the next big thing.
I know this. I also believe this;
because I’m being contacted by the world’s leaders,
the richest people in the world, most powerful politicians in the world.
This is my life now
because everybody has realized that
these discoveries that I’m about to tell you about
truly have uncovered something that we have really only dreamed of
since the age of the Pharaohs.
And that is: that age can be reset in the body safely.
This is also personal. It's not just about technology.
In my family, I was raised by my grandmother predominantly.
My mother, also helped. She was working.
But my grandmother escaped Europe in the 1950s,
having lived through, as a young girl, the depression World War II.
She was from Hungary. It was a brutal time.
She escaped to Australia, where I got my accent;
and I came to MIT in my 20s.
But she raised me to believe that
humans can do better than we’ve done in the 20th century
And she said it’s partly my role to show humanity can be better than they are
and that’s what drives me every day I get up,
and my goal since I was really four years old
was to try and leave the world a better place.
And in my teens, late teens in college, I thought:
“Well, there’s this thing that happens to everybody who called aging,
and it's 90 percent of all the sickness and suffering in the world.
But no one seems to care about it”
You go to your doctor and they say “That’s normal. You’re old.
You should be getting sick.”
And I said: “That’s not right.”
At any age, we should apply the same technology,
the same effort to make people live as long as they possibly can.
We fought against cancer, heart disease,
we’re fighting against Alzheimer’s disease.
What about aging?
And I refuse to believe that just because this is natural and common,
that we should regard it as something different from a disease, in my view,
in my world, aging is a medical condition, and by the way,
the World Health Organization has recently agreed with me.
You see behind me an image of my father, who, of course,
is the son of my grandmother who raised me.
My grandmother lived a very different life than my father. She smoked, drank,
did pretty much everything that was not going to slow down the aging process.
She died like a lot of people do,
who lived through the 20th century in a frail state, demented in a slow decline.
It was very painful for her and certainly for us as a family to watch.
My father, on the other hand,
has watched the science come out of this field and done
the right things that we'll talk about later. But he's now 82.
He's literally, biologically 20 years younger.
At least he's physically like he was in his thirties or if not fitter.
We can measure this. We've done strength tests. We've done biochemical tests.
He's a scientist. I'm not experimenting on my dad, I promise.
He does this voluntarily, but he and I are on
this program, that I’ve discussed in my book Lifespan, that we believe is based
on cutting edge science that will lengthen our life not just a year or two,
but by decades. So at 82, he started a new career. He's thriving.
He's looking forward to the next 20 years of his life, if not longer.
This is what I want for everybody.
We can all do this if we just know the facts
and don’t pay attention to 99% of what’s out there on the internet
because it's all wrong. Speaking of wrong. We have a new theory of aging.
We used to think that antioxidants were the cure to aging,
and if you go to the supermarket, you'll still get a lot of that bull.
It's not true. Antioxidants have been really unsuccessful at lengthening
the lifespan of anything, even a worm. It doesn't work that well.
The reason is that there's much more going on than just free radical damage.
What we need to do is to tap into our body's natural defenses against aging.
We have three main sets of defenses.
One is called MTOR, responds to fasting,
one called AMPK responds to low energy and lack of sugar.
You want to keep your blood sugar levels low as possible without fainting.
And the group of genes that I work on are called the sirtuins, they respond to
all of the things that we do: the adversity, the exercise,
the fasting. And this group of genes and these proteins that
the genes make sense the environment.
And when times are thought to be tough and could threaten us,
they fight harder to keep our body safe,
protected and ultimately healthier and longer lived, even late in life.
and what they’re doing, these sirtuins, is controlling this structure here.
They’re doing a lot of things, but
the main thing I believe they’re doing to make us live longer
is controlling what we call the epigenome.
If you haven’t heard of epigenome, think of it like this: we have DNA,
I’m showing you as a blue strand. It’s digital information, ATCG.
There’s four bases. It’s base four. It’s not base two or binary.
The epigenome is not digital, it's mostly analog.
And anyone who's old enough to have had an analog device,
whether it's a tape recorder, a record player or record,
these things get disrupted. They get scratched.
It's very bad, very poor at copying information.
And that's true for the epigenome as well.
Copying epigenetic information doesn't work that well. What is the epigenome?
It’s the structures that wrap up the DNA and say that this gene A should be
on in a brain cell, but in the liver cells should be off.
And this gene B should be off in a skin cell, but should be on in a kidney.
That's the epigenome. And largely it's due to
the three dimensional structures of the folding of DNA
and these sirtuins that defenders are called silent information regulators.
That’s what sirtuins stand for: SIR.
And 2 is the number for the first gene in yeast that we showed extended lifespan,
way back in Lenny Guaranties lab at MIT in the 1990s.
But here's the analogy that the DNA is the digital information on a compact disc.
Those of us who are old enough know what that is.
For the youngsters: this is what we used to store 20 songs on. Great technology.
That’s your genome, the digital information. The epigenome is the reader.
And it can read different songs depending on different parts of the body
in different cell types. But what I believe is causing aging
is the skipping of those songs,
skipping of the reader. And what makes songs skip? Scratches.
So aging is essentially scratches on a compact disc that makes the music skip
and eventually cells, by reading the wrong genes,
skipping the wrong genes, lose their ability to fight against disease.
They lose their function. We get dementia, heart disease, cancer, frailty.
That is aging.
So with this new theory of what I call the Information Theory of Aging,
we can perhaps test this by testing of epigenetic changes cause aging.
And if that’s true, is is it possible to reset these structures back to
being young? Is there a backup copy of the epigenome?
In other words, can you polish that CD and get back the original music of our youth?
Before I go on I want to point out: in this structure
there’s something really important. It’s not just the proteins that wrap up the DNA
but the modifications that are on the DNA itself.
Chemical additions called metals, which are carbons with three hydrogen.
They're very simple. And cells add them as we're developing in the in
the womb to say, all right,
that cells that come from stem cells should be a neuron for 80, 90
a 100 years in the brain.
And this one should be a skin cell.
These marks, called methyl,
dictate the production of 26 billion cells.
Many of them have different functions in the body,
even though they have the same set of instructions encoded in the DNA.
What’s been found since 2013:
Steven Horvath and his colleagues discovered that by reading
the changes over time of these DNA methylation marks on
the DNA that are attached to the letter C in the DNA, not the A, T or G,
you can estimate somebody’s biological age, because it’s reproducible.
We're all aging due to the same mechanisms and that there's
a pattern that occurs from conception
very rapidly until we’re born and then slows down, and then is linear
throughout our lifespan. We can measure that clock.
I can take your blood. I can take your skin. Any part of your body,
And I can run that through what’s called DNA sequencer to measure the methylation
there’s thousands of them.
And putting that into a machine learning derived algorithm,
I can tell you your actual real age, not your chronological age. I mean, birthdays?
Who cares? Number of times the Earth is going around the sun.
You kidding me? That’s not your real age. Where your real age is is
in these changes to the epigenome, that determine how old you really are.
You can use that number to determine how old you are and also when you'll die.
I can predict by taking a sample of you when you'll die and in some cases,
what you'll die of. So this is called the biological clock,
the DNA methylation clock, also known as the Horvath Clock,
and you can get this done now,
at home, with either a blood test or something we’re developing,
which is going to be a cheek swab for just a few dollars.
So the question is if we tweak the epigenome, if we scratch that seed,
if I’m right about the Information Theory of Aging, what do we get?
We'll get accelerated aging. This is a mouse. That's the control in my lab.
So we tweak this mouse in every other way, except scratch its CD.
At the same time, we took a sibling born at the same time,
and we for three weeks accelerated the scratches on the CD.
We disrupted its epigenome and the cells started to lose their identity.
The mouse didn’t feel it.
It’s like getting an X-ray, you don’t feel that but what happened 10 months later was
we got an old mouse. This isn’t just a mouse that looks old. This mouse is
50% older than its sibling,
even though it's genetically identical. These are twins born at the same time.
One is old and one is not. We can drive aging as fast as we want forwards.
Then the question is, if you can give something, can you take it away?
And if I'm right, the answer is yes.
First of all, let me show you about a minor tweak to age reversal.
We found these sirtuins can defend against aging,
but they can also reverse aspects if we activate them,
either giving them molecules from
the plant world that plants produce when they want to slow down their aging
process and survive. We call xenohormesis
We have drugs that have been in development. We have more that are coming.
We have one in particular and it’s called NAD booster
NAD is a fuel for the sirtuins, where it’s virtually the accelerator pedal.
So giving the fuel to these mice, I'll show you what happens.
One of these mice has been on the sirtuin activating molecule called
NMN: Nicotinamide Mono Nucleotide.
Hopefully you can guess which of them has been rejuvenated from an old state
These are really old mice. Almost 2 years of age, and only one of them has been
drinking and have been in the water.
And if you pick the mouse on the right, you'd be wrong.
It's the mouse on the left, obviously.
And we published in the Journal Cell in 2018 that this is possible, to rejuvenate
the cardiovascular system of mice and make it younger, through the sirtuins.
And we know it’s working for this sirtuins
because, if we delete those genes,
you don’t get this effect on these mice here.
But that was just the beginning that’s 2018.
We’re now in a world where our technology makes this pale by comparison.
We now have the ability to reset the age of an entire animal,
leading to one day being able to reset the entire age of our bodies.
What did we do? We really stood on the shoulders of a scientist,
Shinya Yamanaka, who won the Nobel Prize in 2016 for discovering
a set of embryonic genes that could take
an adult skin cell, from from any of you, and turn it into a pluripotent
stem cell that could be made into any other type of tissue,
and we can do that in the lab.
High school students can do this by putting in the six Yamanaka genes.
Now we found that if you put in a subset of three of them Oct4, Sox2 and Klf4
for short for OSK, we could take the age of the body of a mouse backwards,
but not so far that it would become a stem cell or a tumor.
This was published in December 2020.
It made the cover of Nature Magazine,
and the title on the magazine was Turning Back Time.
This is one of the pieces of data from that paper. We did 3 things.
The first was to damage an optic nerve in a mouse,
and you can see on the top image that the crushed nerve is dying.
That orange stain should extend all the way to the brain on the left.
But in the reprogrammed eye where we injected those three genes and turn them
on for three weeks, we could make those neurons grow back.
We measured those neurons and they were literally half
the age that they were three weeks ago.
And young nerves, as you might know, grow back. Adult nerves do not.
So this was the first indication that we were on the right track.
We also could see that those structures, the epigenome,
those scratches on the CD, they went away.
We can also grow human tissue in the lab.
We don't know yet if this works in humans, but we can model it in the dish.
These are human pluripotent stem cells that have been engineered into little
mini brains. On the left of this image, you can see these are little organoids.
These are quite similar to human brains. They have electrical activity,
and on the right is the electrodes that we put the brains on.
We think they dream.
They have thoughts, and we can also age them using our technology of disrupting
the epigenome. And now we've shown that if you reset
the age of those little brains, they get their ability to think again.
The electrical activity comes back.
Does this mean one day if we reverse the age of the brain,
you’ll get your memory back? Possibly. We’ve done this now in old mice.
We can rejuvenate their brains, take their brains back to half their age,
and they get their ability to learn again.
So you might say, well, sounds great,
but how long is this going to be before we have it?
Well, first of all, we're now treating non-human primates.
We want to reverse their blindness like we did in mice -
now we’re in non-human primates - in about one to two years from this point here.
We hope to cure blindness in our first patient if all goes well.
But what can you do today to slow down aging? Well, there's a lot you can do.
We’ve learned now that that clock can be slowed down, even reversed.
The first thing you got to do:
If you smoke and drink heavily, sit around and you eat too much, stop it.
Stop it right now. Your clock is accelerating. And that's true.
No matter if you're 80, 60 or 20, your clock is always ticking.
So even if you're young, do the right thing. So what are those things?
The first I mentioned is smoking. It’s really bad. It’s going to damage your DNA
and accelerate this clock.
Eat the right things. So the Mediterranean diet or
the Okinawans diet from Japan by the leading age slowing diets.
This is not a lot of red meat. More on plants. And also don't eat a lot.
Why do we want to slow down aging?
Well, you might say, well, you know, maybe I just want to feel better now.
Who cares about the future?
But I want to argue that it's not just a right to live longer.
We all have an obligation to stay healthy.
Who hasn't taken care of a grandparent or a parent who's had dementia
or has been frail for the last 10 years of their life?
It's a huge burden on them, but also on the family.
So we all have an obligation to do the right things
so that we’re not a burden on our children and grandchildren.
Getting back to my father, I’m super proud of him. He’s done the right things.
He's done what I've just told you about,
and he's living life in a way that most two year olds can only dream of.
I mean, he's at his age. Most 82 year old men are dead.
Let’s face it. But he is as fit as he felt when he was 30.
In fact, the lady in the middle,
I’ll admit, a little bit embarrassing, is my ex-girlfriend
and they get along really well.
You get the idea that we all have the chance to live longer lives,
but we have to work at it. It's not going to come for free. It's not going to.
You can't just change your habits late in life. You've got to start now.
And I've told you some of the tools to be able to reach that.
And my hope is that we're at a turning point in human history as important
as flight and Silicon Valley and energy and crypto.
The 22nd century is going to be about biology and
the ability to control your age and the rate of aging
and slow down not just body aging and heart aging, but even brain aging.
With these tools and age reversal tools that are just coming along will radically
change the arc of our lives in a way that we can barely even imagine,
and where we can reset our age by a couple of years,
which is now being published, that's been done by Greg Fahy and colleagues.
If we do that every year, even just set your age back one year every year,
what happens? Things then get really interesting.
And that's the world that we have to stay alive to be able to witness.
And if we all do the right things, we will witness that. Thank you very much.