(piano music)
- [Steven] We're in the Denver Art Museum
looking at this magnificent Pawnee necklace.
Its most striking feature are 34 large bear claws.
- [John] The bear claws come off of
what people refer to as a plains grizzly,
which some people consider a subspecies
that no longer exists on the plains today.
- These were massive bears, they hunted buffalo.
Thinking about what must have gone into the collection
of these claws, the hunt of these bears.
- Bears are associated with power and that's
specifically why they are being used here.
Only the middle three of each front paw
of an individual bear is only six claws per bear
were used in the creation of this.
It required at least six bears to create this work.
One of the interesting attributes
of these claws is not only the size,
but also their ivory appearance.
- In addition to the bear claws,
there is an otter pelt that wraps around
over the shoulder and around the breast
and then over the other shoulder.
- And on the backside of this, you see
head of the otter hanging down one side
of the shoulder and on the other side
you have the tail and on the tail
and on the head, there are beaded elements.
- There are parts of this necklace that are not visible.
- Our records state that it's formed
from a bear hide that is rolled to create the u-shape
that goes around the neck, but it's also
incorporated with cedar and tobacco,
which ceremonially brings the prayers
and the power into the piece to activate it.
- And the power is protective.
- The wearer of this has the power of the bear
to protect their community from enemies and warfare,
as well as from sickness or disease.
- So this is a potent spiritual object and that's one
of the reasons that it was being worn
by the Pawnee chief, a man named Sky Chief.
- In 1873, Sky Chief led his group
of Pawnee on what became the last
large-scale buffalo hunt on the plains.
- And the last great intertribal warfare on the plains.
- While they were out, there was word
that there was Lakota people in the area.
At some point, Sky Chief removed his bear claw
necklace thinking that the Lakota might attack,
handed it to his younger brother
and told him to take off with it
so it did not fall into Lakota hands.
- The act of taking the necklace off
is making him vulnerable and is putting
the necklace above his own life.
- That's completely true and soon after removing
the necklace on the hunt, he was skinning
a buffalo when the Lakota attacked.
In 1873 when this battle occurred,
or massacre rather, which became known as
the Battle of Massacre Canyon, the Pawnee
and Lakota had been at war for about 40 years.
- The politics at this moment were complicated.
The Pawnee had decided to work with
the United States government and what
the government was seeking was protection
as they were moving westward and specifically,
as the Transcontinental Railroad was being built.
- Sky Chief was one of the great supporters of what
was known as the Accommodation Treaty with the US Army.
The Pawnee provided scouts to the US Army
and also provided protection to the building
of the Transcontinental Railroad.
Part of this Accommodation Treaty was that
the US Army, in exchange for the Pawnee's help,
would provide them protection.
Yet during this massive buffalo hunt,
only one field agent went with them
on the hunt and he immediately escaped
as soon as he saw trouble coming.
- And the result was horrifying.
The historical accounts vary wildly
but we're probably on safe ground when we state
that at least a hundred people were killed.
- The Pawnee were massacred.
2/3 of those killed were women and children.
- This moment after the Civil War
was the moment when Manifest Destiny,
the idea that the United States was entitled
to all of the land between the Atlantic
and the Pacific, was being actualized.
But of course the issue here was there were
lots of people living in between.
- The Pawnee consist of four distinct political units.
After this event, the Pawnee were moved to Oklahoma,
or at the time was known as Indian territory.
- This is such an intimidating necklace.
The power of the claw, these long forms
that curve under that look really terrifying,
along with the otter express for me
the close relationship between Pawnee's society
and the animals that they lived amongst.
- Pawnee religion included an emphasis on what
some people refer to as animal lodge ceremonialism.
Animals had particular attributes and powers
that the Pawnee drew upon for use in their own lives.
- And the necklace remains important
to the Pawnee people, but it's also
an incredible window into American history.
- In February 1998, a group of Pawnee people
came to the Denver Art Museum to visit
this necklace and to speak to it.
William Riding In, a Pawnee man, said
the following prayer to the necklace,
"Father, smoke, and take notice of this smoke.
I have clothed you and placed you upon Mother Earth.
Now then, Father, smoke with me.
Take pity upon me.
Hear my prayers and give long life
to him who will hereafter keep you
and place you in a prominent place in his home.
Once you were owned by Sky Chief, a prominent chief.
It was through your power that he was great.
I have placed new clothing upon you.
Another man will now care for you and be with you always.
Show your powers to him and make him a good, wise chief
and a great man, as you did to the others.
May the men of the Bear Society have long life."
(piano music)