All right quick: who are the three greatest and most influential physicists who ever lived?
Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, and--?
...
It’s okay if you couldn’t think of the third one.
Not a lot of people could.
But most physicists would probably agree that a lot of modern physics owes more to a man
named James Clerk Maxwell than to anyone else who ever lived.
Maxwell was born in 1831 in Edinburgh, Scotland to a wealthy Scottish family.
He published his first academic paper, a new method of mechanically plotting mathematical
curves using a piece of twine, at the age of 14.
So yeah, he was an early bloomer.
By age 25, he was appointed Chair of Natural Philosophy at University of Aberdeen.
‘Natural Philosophy’ being what they called ‘physics’ back then.
Meaning that he wasn’t just a professor; he was the head of the entire department.
At 25.
Within the next couple of years he made a discovery that you probably learned about
in grade school: he showed that Saturn’s rings were made of small particles
swirling around the planet together.
Before this, nobody had any idea what the rings of Saturn were made of.
Scientists thought they might have been solid, but if they were, then the rings should have
been banging into each other.
Or even into the planet.
And if they were a liquid, why wouldn’t they break apart?
Well, using math, Maxwell showed that the only way the rings of Saturn could remain
relatively stable was if they were made of lots and lots of tiny particles, each one
acting as an independent satellite orbiting the planet.
All of the tiny satellites in the same ring had to be moving in the same direction and
at the same speed, or else they would crash into each other and the whole system would
fly apart.
Maxwell also predicted that the rings would spread apart gradually until they disappeared,
because of the effects of Saturn’s gravity.
And that is happening.
But until then, we have rings!
More than a hundred years later, the Voyager probes would fly by Saturn and send back some
pictures proving that he was totally right.
In 1860, Maxwell was laid off, when his college merged with another college and the other
Chair of Natural Philosophy got his job.
Can you imagine being the guy who made James Clerk Maxwell redundant?
That would be like if two karaoke teams merged together and Ariana Grande got bumped for
me.
After that, he took a professorship with King’s College in London, where he made what scientists
like Albert Einstein, Richard Feynman, and Max Planck considered the greatest discovery
of the 20th century.
He published a set of equations now known as Maxwell’s Equations, and proved that
light, electricity, and magnetism all came from the same force: what we now call the
electromagnetic force.
This is still the greatest leap forward anyone has ever made in creating a grand unified
theory of physics.
These days, we know that electricity is what you get when electrons move from one place
to another.
And magnetism is what you get when electrons spin in the same direction.
We also know that light is what you get when electrons move from a higher to a lower energy
state.
When they do that, they release a photon.
All of these are examples of electromagnetic force in action.
Basically, it’s how electrons shape the world around us.
But when Maxwell published his equations, electrons wouldn’t be discovered for another
thirty years.
He figured out that all of these things were connected by observing how magnets could affect
currents, and currents could affect magnets.
He theorized that they were doing that with electromagnetic waves, which spread out through
space from their point of origin potentially forever.
He measured how fast these waves were moving, and found that they traveled at the
speed of light.
And since nothing is as fast as light, that meant electromagnetic waves and light must actually
be different forms of the same thing.
The idea that energy could travel through space in waves blew away the old, Newtonian
idea of physics where gravity was the only thing that could affect objects at a distance.
And it paved the way for the development of quantum mechanics, plus, like, everything
Einstein ever did.
Especially once we started figuring out that subatomic particles were a thing!
Without Maxwell’s understanding of electromagnetism, there also wouldn’t be any radio, television,
or microwave ovens.
Maxwell, of course, made a lot of other discoveries, too.
For one thing, he was the founder of the kinetic theory of gases.
This theory led to the new field of statistical physics, which introduced probability to the
science of very small things, and was the precursor to quantum mechanics.
And!
He produced the first colored photographs in the world, after he realized that the human
eye only perceives three colors: red, blue, and green.
He created red, blue, and green filtered images and layered them together to make a colored
photo of a tartan ribbon.
This trichromatic process was the forerunner to all modern color photography.
Maxwell died of abdominal cancer in 1879, at the age of 48.
But he’d already transformed the field of physics forever.
So who knows — if he’d lived for another twenty or thirty years, maybe we’d have
floating cities and flying cars by now.
So, thanks to Maxwell, and thank you for watching this episode of SciShow, which was brought
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