Today, we'll be talking about how to separate enantiomers
from each other.
Enantiomers are like your left and right hands.
They are mirror images of each other,
but they look almost identical.
Remember that much like we use right and left to describe
which hand is which, scientists use the letters S and R
to designate which enantiomer is which,
when you only have one chiral center.
However, when you have multiple chiral centers,
there are other ways of designating enantiomers.
But we won't be getting into that today,
because that's much more complicated.
Here we have a set of enantiomers.
This is the S confirmation of thalidomide,
and here on the right is the R confirmation.
Why does it matter that we have two different confirmations?
Well, you can see the difference quite clearly
at the chiral center, where one of the groups
points into the screen and the other points out of the screen.
And just because of the simple change in confirmation,
that S version was found to lead to terrible birth defects
when consumed by mothers.
And because of this, drug companies
now try to make sure that the active ingredient in their drug
is only one particular enantiomer.
So how would we go about separating these two?
One technique that you could use is chiral column
chromatography.
You would need a stationary phase that is chiral,
meaning something that will only bind either
to the R confirmation or the S confirmation of your desired
enantiomer.
So how does the chiral stationary phase only
bind to one of the enantiomers?
Picture the two enantiomers as your right and left hand.
If your right hand tries to shake another person's
right hand it seems normal, the two fit together properly.
But if your right hand tries to shake your own left hand,
it doesn't seem like they line up quite right.
That's the exact same thing that happens
with the chiral stationary phase and the wrong enantiomer.
Next, what you do is you'd load that mixture of enantiomers.
So on top here, you might see that you
have some kind of band of your mixture.
This is racemic, meaning that it has
a 50/50 mixture of enantiomers.
So that's what you're seeing here in the yellow.
If we take a closer look, you'll see
that this has some of the S confirmation
and some of the R confirmation too thrown in.
And as this moves through the stationary phase,
so once you open up the stop cock, what you'll see
is that if the R enantiomer was the one that
binds tightly to the stationary phase,
it won't move very quickly.
But with the S enantiomer, it might be racing through
since it's not really interacting
that much with the stationary phase,
and prefers to interact with the mobile phase.
Once you've collected all of the S enantiomers in your flask,
all you'll have left in the column
is the R enantiomer, which is pretty tightly bound
to the chiral stationary phase.
Next, what you'd do is when you have this column,
you'd want to pour in lots of solvent
so that you can get the R enantiomer to come out.
Because as this pushes down through the column,
it will take the R enantiomer with it,
giving you just the R enantiomer in your flask.
And there you've done a successful chiral resolution.
The same principle can also be applied to gas chromatography.
Let's quickly review how gas chromatography works.
You insert your sample in here, a gas flows through,
and then it goes into this long to that
contains the stationary phase and mobile phase,
and goes to the detector.
And if we were to zoom in on this--
and draw this just kind of a long tube--
again what you'd see is that if this time the stationary phase
was attracted to the S enantiomer instead,
you'd see that the S enantiomer is sticking to the sides,
sticking to the stationary phase,
while the R enantiomer races through with the mobile phase.
So there are actually a number of other ways
you can separate enantiomers, but those
tend to be much more complicated.
These are just two of the common ways you can do it.
And in both of them, whether you're
doing column chromatography with a solid stationary phase or gas
chromatography was a liquid stationary phase,
the important thing to remember is that your stationary phase
should be chiral and bind to the enantiomer that you want.