The world is full of different foods, every culture, region and era has their own distinct
cuisine.
But what makes some food taste good and other food taste bad and why do different people
like different foods?
Let's start from the beginning.
When you chew food it is broken down into small pieces, these pieces are then broken
down into even smaller pieces by enzymes contained in your saliva.
These small particles of food then move over your papillae, which are small bumps coating
your entire tongue, each papillae contains between 50 and 100 taste cells folded together
like the petals of a young flower about to bloom.
Hence the name taste buds.
The average human has about 10,000 taste buds on their tongue.
Taste buds contain chemical receptors which have evolved over millions of years to react
to five basic tastes.
These are, bitter, sweet, sour, salty and unami.
Unami is a word borrowed from Japanese that describes savoury flavours, such as roast
meat and soya sauce.
So that's the basics out the way, but what makes people prefer sweet tasting food like
ice cream over, say, raw cabbage?
It all has to do with evolution and the history of the human race.
Let's go back about 3 million years, at this point in time humans hadn't yet developed
the basic tools required to hunt animals, so they fed on foraged berries, nuts, herbs
and insects.
We've all heard the term "survival of the fittest" but back then being fit meant having
a lot of energy, so naturally humans learnt to seek out the foods with the highest energy
content.
Out of all the food groups, fat and carbohydrates give the most calories per gram.
This was even more important about a million years later, when humans developed tools and
learnt how to hunt, because hunting animals requires a large amount of energy.
Sweet foods are laden with carbohydrates, and 3 million years ago, the sweetest foods
available were fruits and honey.
But since fatty and sweet foods proved to be very good for survival, our taste receptors
evolved to provide a more pleasurable experience when we eat such foods.
Because it's in our bodies best interest to signal to our brains, when we eat them, which
foods are beneficial and which could do us harm.
Similarly our taste receptors evolved to react negatively to sour and bitter foods because
in the paleolithic era, certain berries and other foods which had bitter and sour tastes
were poisonous to humans or contained unwanted toxins.
So our bodies developed "bad taste" as a defence mechanism against such foods.
It just so happens that the types of taste our taste receptors evolved to react positively
to such as sweet and salty, because they used to be essential to our survival.
And now these tastes are found in many foods which are detrimental to our health in large
quantities.
In our modern age where we are sedentary for most of the day, we no longer require such
a large amount of calories to go out hunting.
So all those extra carbohydrates we don't burn off, which, thanks to evolution, our
taste buds just love, instead clog up our arteries.
On the other hand, our taste receptors react negatively to healthy foods like vegetables,
because they taste bitter, which evolution has told us, it must mean they're poisonous.
Because of this taste aversion, many people choose to avoid such foods, even though they
know they're good for us.
Until 50 years ago sweet and fatty foods were relatively rare and costly so gorging on them
whenever we got the chance was essential to survival, it's only in recent years where
fast food has become so readily available, that what we have to eat to survive is no
longer a concern.
As a result the number of obese people in the U.S. tripled between 1960 and 2007.
Because our food choices are now determined by what we fancy eating instead of what we
can forage, hunt or afford.
Some evolutionary biologists predict that in the future our taste buds will evolve to
prefer the taste of foods that are beneficial to our health rather than those laden with
fat and sugar.
Which means in 100,000 years McDonald's most popular burger might be the McCabbage.
Okay, that's an awful lot of rambling on about what you should and shouldn't be eating.
I'm sorry, here's a glazed doughnut to make up for it.
But we all have different taste preferences, so why do some people think this doughnut
tastes amazing, whilst others would much rather eat this.
The surface of everyone's tongue is vastly different.
People who have a high density of taste buds on their tongues are called supertasters,
these people experience stronger flavours than normal and often find flavours overwhelming.
As a result, supertasters often order mild food instead of spicy and drink their coffee
with milk and sugar instead of black, to tone down the flavours for their highly sensitive
palate.
On the other hand, people with a low taste bud density on their tongues are called subtasters,
subtasters find flavours weaker and will often order very spicy food and heavily season their
meals.
But taste bud density isn't the whole story as to why we all prefer different foods.
Everyone's brain can recognise the five basic tastes, bitter, sweet, salty, sour and unami.
However the group of chemicals that can trigger those taste signals varies from person to
person.
This arose from different evolutionary threats in different parts of the world.
Most toxic plants taste bitter, so in parts of the world with a higher density of toxic
plants human inhabitants would have adapted to dislike the taste of bitter foods more,
compared to people who lived in a less toxic plant infested habitat.
But there are lot's of environmental factors that have attributed to such a variance in
taste receptors in different geographical regions.
For example people from malaria infested regions tend to carry a gene that makes them less
sensitive to bitter compounds.
And millions of years of environmental factors such as these as well as crossing gene pools
has led to a great variance in how peoples taste receptors perceive flavours.
Which is why some people find this too bitter, whilst others love it.