(jazzy piano music)
- [Steven] We're in the Wallace Collection in London,
looking at Fragonard's "The Swing."
- [Beth] This was commissioned by a member
of the French royal court, who asked Fragonard
to paint his lover on a swing,
being pushed by a bishop,
while he hid and looked up his mistress's dress.
- [Steven] By the time Fragonard takes on the commission
and renders it, the bishop is no longer
really a bishop, just an older man,
but he's barely visible in the lower right.
So this is a painting that was from the outset
meant to be playful, erotic, sexually-charged,
that was a bit too naughty to be publicly displayed.
- [Beth] Well, like many Rococo paintings,
it was a private commission,
it was for a private home,
and it was for a member of the aristocracy.
- [Steven] This is a transitional moment
in Fragonard's career.
He had been known for large-scale,
very formal history paintings, and it's just at this moment
when he's abandoning that kind of career
for private patrons outside of the system
of royal commissions.
- [Beth] In that system of royal commissions
for the academy, history paintings were primary,
scenes from mythology, from French history,
from ancient Greek and Roman history,
so this couldn't be more different.
- [Steven] It wasn't just the subject that changed
in Fragonard's art, it was also his technique.
His private commissions tended to be created quickly,
with rapid brushwork, and we see that here.
Look, for instance, at the edging
of the woman's dress.
Part of the energy that that dress achieves
is a result of the rapid brushwork.
- [Beth] You can really see the oil paint,
for example, in her bodice, or in the white lace.
- [Steven] And the idea of secretive eroticism
is built into this painting symbolically,
if you look at the left edge,
you see a painting of a sculpture.
This is by a Rococo sculptor named Falconet,
and is known as "Menacing Love."
And you can see that the Cupid has his finger up,
as if asking us to keep a secret.
- [Beth] Below that, we see a lovely relief sculpture
that looks like maenads or nymphs dancing,
and that's not the only sculpture we see here.
- [Steven] To the lower right, we see two Cupid figures
that seem to be riding a classicizing dolphin,
part of a fountain, and in fact, you can see the water
spraying out towards the lower right of the painting.
- [Beth] But the star of the painting is the young woman,
and really, her fabulous pink silk dress,
lined with lace, her bodice, her decolletage, her breasts,
her choker, her hat, and to me especially,
that pink slipper that she flips up into the air.
- [Steven] A way of understanding the Rococo
is a style of art that comes out of the Baroque,
but has jettisoned the seriousness, the morality,
but has maintained its sense of energy,
its sense of movement.
Look at that swing, look at that forward momentum
that actually carries the slipper off her foot.
- [Beth] And we know that the Baroque used diagonal lines
to create a sense of movement and energy,
and we see that here, when we follow the rope
of the swing through the female figure,
and down to her lover in the lower left,
who leans back on his right elbow,
and lifts up his left arm and seems overtaken
by his love and desire for his companion.
She's sitting on red velvet
that's got a gilded molding at the bottom of it.
We're not in the woods here.
We're in a cultivated, aristocratic garden,
although an incredibly lush one.
Nature is so abundant and fertile here,
it's clearly relating to the sensuality of the story,
and couldn't be more different than the spareness,
the severity, the plainness that we'll see
in paintings by David just a few years
before the Revolution, when we really have an opposition
to this type of subject matter,
and when critics begin to call for an art
that is very different, that offers a moral,
instead of indulging in this kind of sensuality.
- [Steven] And because this painting becomes a foil
to paintings by David with a style known as neoclassicism,
the Rococo becomes a bit of a villain,
and is looked back to historically recently,
by a Nigerian artist named Yinka Shonibare,
who has created a three-dimensional representation
of this painting, but that deals with not sensuality,
but the costs of colonialism,
but that is all hindsight.
Fragonard's "The Swing" is such a perfect expression
of the frivolity, the luxury, and the indulgence
of the Rococo.
(jazzy piano music)