hepatitis B and C infections cause
hepatocellular carcinoma HCC by
replicating in hepatocyte s--
inflammation cell death and
proliferation result HCC is the second
leading cause of death from cancer
worldwide with a rapidly increasing
incidence in the United States
especially among drug users due to the
opioid epidemic the liver plays a key
role in maintaining adequate glucose
levels and carrying nutrients and toxins
to be filtered such as urea the liver
also secretes bile which is used to
soluble eyes fat for absorption and
utilization a healthy liver has a brown
smooth surface the liver cells are
organized into lobules where the portal
vein hepatic artery and bile duct are
ranged hexagonal II around the central
vein to make the portal triad the PATA
sites in Anna sinus surgeries in three
zones para portal zone I is nearest to
the entering vascular supply it gets the
most oxygenated blood making it less
sensitive to ischemic injury but more
susceptible to viral hepatitis normal
hepatocytes arteries and single cell
thick plates separated by sinusoids in
HCC plates our two plus cells thick and
cell nuclei are enlarged and convoluted
large tumor nodules are separated by
thick fibrous bands shown as blue
webbing
HBV and HCV can cause genome mutations
leading to tumour gene suppression Alko
gene activation and chromosomal
rearrangements these mechanisms increase
the risk of HCC however the highest HCC
risk is from Co infection of HPV with
HCV HDV or HIV and is secondary to
cirrhosis which increases cell turnover
both HPV and HCV infections can be
silent but symptoms include increased
serum transaminase enzymes jaundice and
flu-like Hellmann's chronic HBV can
remain dormant until late stage liver
disease co-infection with HCV causes
progression of fibrosis and cirrhosis as
evident by the portal bridging this coin
15 in' increases risk of early onset HCC
preventing infection from hepatitis is
important in decreasing the risk for a
liver cancer this can be achieved
through increasing hygiene standards and
vaccination programs the US Food and
Drug Administration named the hepatitis
B vaccine the first handi cancer vaccine
which is now recommended for all
children and those at risk of infection
to prevent HCV avoid sharing blood or
bodily fluids with those affected
practicing safe sex and avoidance of
needle sharing is also key
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