(upbeat music)
- [Steve] What is a Buddha?
And when you walk into a museum,
how can you recognize sculptures that represent Buddha?
- [Lauren] We thought we would identify
some key iconographic attributes that help us
to identify the Buddha quickly.
- [Steve] A Buddha is a being who has perfect control
over their body and over their mind
and who was able to achieve enlightenment,
and ultimately Nirvana.
We're talking here about the historical Buddha
known by several names.
This is the Buddha that is most commonly represented
and most commonly thought of when we say the word Buddha,
but it's important to know that there are countless numbers
of Buddhas in different traditions.
- [Lauren] We're looking at a standing Buddha from Thailand
in the 15th century, and this sculpture
includes many of the main features that we find
on other sculptures of the Buddha.
The Buddha is standing here and is wearing monk's robes
which was a sign of his renunciation of worldly goods.
But the artist or artists have given us
the faintest indication of this robe.
It's framing his body and tapering outwards like a cap.
- [Steve] And the artist has been careful to delineate
three separate pieces of cloth
which is a tradition in the representation of Buddha.
- [Lauren] We can see one cinched about the waist
that then hangs down vertically.
- [Steve] There's the over garment or outdoor mantle.
And then if you look carefully,
you can see a third layer of cloth
that's delineated at the ankles.
- [Lauren] These monk's robes are a key feature
of the Buddha.
Let's talk about his hands.
The Buddha is often shown holding his hands
in different positions, what are called mudras.
And we're seeing a particular one here.
- [Steve] The right hand is held up.
- [Laura] It's a sign of protection and blessing.
And the other hand is held downwards.
We notice that the hands have the sinuous feel to them.
And there's a reason for that.
- [Steve] The joints have vanished.
They are expressions of imperfection
and this is a perfect being.
- [Laura] And we get an even better sense
of this perfect being by looking at the head.
- [Steve] One of the most characteristic features
of the representation of the Buddha can be found
in the ears where we see earlobes that hang down
which have come to be associated with wisdom
and with the Buddha, some traditions reference this
as a reminder that Buddha had been born a prince
but had given up his worldly possessions.
When he was a prince he wore heavy earrings
that pulled down his ears.
- [Laura] And I love how the artist here has given them
this graceful curve that seems
to parallel other parts of the body.
- [Steve] The face here and in so many representations
of the Buddha, expresses this wonderful sense of serenity
and focus and concentration.
The eyes are slightly downcast, the mouth curls in a smile,
and there's a perfect sense of stillness.
- [Laura] In what looks like a bun on the top of his head
is ushnisha.
It is to communicate that the Buddha
has gained so much knowledge
that his mind needed room to expand.
We also see a flame on top of the protuberance.
That is yet another indication
that he's achieved enlightenment.
- [Steve] And there's a reference to an earlier point
in his life when he cut his hair short as an aesthetic
that is when he was giving up his worldly possessions.
And we can see that represented
in those little bumps that cover his cranium.
- [Laura] This statue would've at one point been gilded
and that would have further suggested
the divine nature of the Buddha.
- [Steve] There is one important symbol that is missing
in this particular representation,
but it may not have originally been missing.
- [Laura] And that is what's called an urna.
It's what looks like a dot
that is often in between the eyebrows
and it's actually a whirl of hair.
It's a sign of auspiciousness,
a sign of the Buddha's wisdom and teaching.
- [Steve] And it's entirely possible that this sculpture
once had one that had been painted.
- [Laura] And if we look at another Buddha,
we see many of these same features,
the ushnisha, the protrusion on the head,
the short curly hair, the elongated ear lobes,
the attention to the body.
But in this particular sculpture, we see the Buddha's seated
in a different position with different hand gestures.
- [Steve] The position of the body seated in something
is often referred to as the lotus posture
is a reference to the yoga control of the body
that Buddha had attained.
Here the Buddha is shown with a different mudra,
his hand reaching down just about to touch the earth.
That simple gesture is a symbol that would encompass
for a Buddhist, a longer and more complex story
of the Buddha achieving enlightenment.
By reaching his finger down,
he's calling earth to witness his enlightenment.
And it is at that moment that he's able
to fully renounce his attachment to the world
and to come to know the way
that he can express this knowledge to other humans.
Buddhists believe that life is suffering
and that people are reborn over and over again
which is known as samsara, but upon reaching enlightenment,
Buddha was able to break this cycle.
- [Laura] And so with these two sculptures
that we're seeing, despite the Buddha being shown
at different moments in his life,
shown in different postures,
the different hand gestures,
we have enough of the same iconographic attributes
that still allow us to identify this figure as the Buddha.
(upbeat music)