Now we're going to talk about the locative case in Turkish the locative case is a set of endings
which you can attach directly to a noun, or pronoun that is the equivalent of the English
expression, on, in or at.
So for example if we want to say "at home" or "in the house"
we'll attach the locative case ending
directly to the noun house or home. Let's look at how we're going to do it.
So we'll start with the Turkish word for home or house: ev
And we'll attach the locative case ending directly to the noun, "ev"
the locative case
follows the rules of two-way vowel harmony
so for "ev"
we're going to say
evde
"Evde" at home or in the house: evde
What about if we want to say "on the table"?
We're still going to use the locative case ending so, Turkish word for table: masa
Because of the rules of four-way vowel harmony, we're going to choose not -de for "masa," but "masada"
Masada: on the table
Turkish consonants divide into what are called voiced and voiceless consonants
Voiceless consonants in Turkish include p, t, k, s, ş, ç, f, and h.
If you
want to add the locative case ending to a noun or pronoun that ends in one of these
voiceless consonants
You are not going to use -da or -de, but instead
-ta or te
These two versions of the locative case ending, -ta and -te, you'll notice they also
begin with one of our voiceless consonants
So in other words if you have a noun that ends in a voiceless consonant
Like for example the noun, "bardak": a glass
"k", one of our
voiceless consonants, you're going to choose a version of the locative case ending which not only
agrees with "bardak" in terms of two-way vowel harmony, but which also
begins with a voiceless consonant
because "bardak" ends in a voiceless consonant. This may sound slightly complicated
It's actually very simple, and you'll see it's easier to say this way.
So for "bardak" we're going to choose "bardakta"
Bardakta: in the glass or on the glass
Notice that "bardakta" is a lot easier to say than if we tried to say "bardakda" or something like that
Bardakta
Voiceless consonant at the end of the noun
voiceless consonant at the beginning of our locative case ending. That's pretty simple. Let's see it once more
let's say we want to say "on the flower"
Turkish word for flower: çiçek
We'll notice that "çiçek" also ends in a "k" one of our voiceless consonants
So we're going to choose a version of the locative case ending that also starts with a voiceless consonant
So of our four options -da, -ta, -de, and -te for "çiçek" to say "on the flower"
We're going to choose "çiçekte"
"çiçekte"
On the flower. That's pretty simple
Now we can also add in the locative case ending to a proper noun like the name of a person
like if you want to say "on Bill" or something
And to the name of a city for example if you want to say
"in Istanbul" we just start with the Turkish word Istanbul
Istanbul
But we want to say "in Istanbul," so we're going to add the appropriate version of the locative case ending
Our four-way...excuse me, our two-way vowel harmony rules tell us that for
Istanbul we were going to want
-da
Notice Istanbul does not end with a voiceless consonant, so we're going to go for -da
Istanbul'da
because Istanbul is a proper known we have to remember to include a little apostrophe
between the noun and the locative case ending.