Imagine that instead of switching on a lamp when it gets dark, you could read
by the light of a glowing plant on your desk. MIT engineers have taken a critical first step
toward making that vision a reality. By embedding specialized nanoparticles into the leaves of
a watercress plant, they induced the plants to give off dim light for nearly four hours.
They believe that, with further optimization, such plants will one day be bright enough to
illuminate a workspace. “The vision is to make a plant that
will function as a desk lamp — a lamp that you don’t have to plug in. The light is ultimately
powered by the energy metabolism of the plant itself,” says Michael Strano, the Carbon P.
Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT and the senior author of the study.
This technology could also be used to provide low-intensity indoor lighting,
or to transform trees into self-powered streetlights, the researchers say.
MIT postdoc Seon-Yeong Kwak is the lead author of the study, which appears in the
journal Nano Letters. Nanobionic plants
Plant nanobionics, a new research area pioneered by Strano’s lab, aims to give plants novel
features by embedding them with different types of nanoparticles. The group’s goal
is to engineer plants to take over many of the functions now performed by electrical devices.
The researchers have previously designed plants that can detect explosives and communicate that
information to a smartphone, as well as plants that can monitor drought conditions.
Lighting, which accounts for about 20 percent of worldwide energy consumption, seemed like
a logical next target. “Plants can self-repair, they have their own energy, and they are already
adapted to the outdoor environment,” Strano says. “We think this is an idea whose time has come.
It’s a perfect problem for plant nanobionics.” To create their glowing plants, the MIT team
turned to luciferase, the enzyme that gives fireflies their glow. Luciferase acts on a
molecule called luciferin, causing it to emit light. Another molecule called co-enzyme A
helps the process along by removing a reaction byproduct that can inhibit luciferase activity.
The MIT team packaged each of these three components into a different type of nanoparticle
carrier. The nanoparticles, which are all made of materials that the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration classifies as “generally regarded as safe,” help each component get to
the right part of the plant. They also prevent the components from reaching concentrations
that could be toxic to the plants. The researchers used silica nanoparticles about
10 nanometers in diameter to carry luciferase, and they used slightly larger particles of the
polymers PLGA and chitosan to carry luciferin and coenzyme A, respectively. To get the particles
into plant leaves, the researchers first suspended the particles in a solution. Plants were immersed
in the solution and then exposed to high pressure, allowing the particles to enter
the leaves through tiny pores called stomata. Particles releasing luciferin and coenzyme A were
designed to accumulate in the extracellular space of the mesophyll, an inner layer of the leaf,
while the smaller particles carrying luciferase enter the cells that make up the mesophyll.
The PLGA particles gradually release luciferin, which then enters the plant cells,
where luciferase performs the chemical reaction that makes luciferin glow.
The researchers’ early efforts at the start of the project yielded plants that could glow for about
45 minutes, which they have since improved to 3.5 hours. The light generated by one 10-centimeter
watercress seedling is currently about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,
but the researchers believe they can boost the light emitted, as well as the duration of light,
by further optimizing the concentration and release rates of the components.
Plant transformation Previous efforts to create light-emitting
plants have relied on genetically engineering plants to express the gene for luciferase,
but this is a laborious process that yields extremely dim light. Those studies were performed
on tobacco plants and Arabidopsis thaliana, which are commonly used for plant genetic studies.
However, the method developed by Strano’s lab could be used on any type of plant.
So far, they have demonstrated it with arugula, kale, and spinach, in addition to watercress.
For future versions of this technology, the researchers hope to develop a way to paint
or spray the nanoparticles onto plant leaves, which could make it possible to transform trees
and other large plants into light sources. “Our target is to perform one treatment when the
plant is a seedling or a mature plant, and have it last for the lifetime of the plant,” Strano says.
“Our work very seriously opens up the doorway to streetlamps that are nothing but treated trees,
and to indirect lighting around homes.” The researchers have also demonstrated
that they can turn the light off by adding nanoparticles carrying a luciferase inhibitor.
This could enable them to eventually create plants that shut off their light emission
in response to environmental conditions such as sunlight, the researchers say.
The research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.