The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Polar satellite was a NASA science spacecraft designed to
study the polar magnetosphere and aurorae.
It was launched into orbit in February 1996, and continued operations until the program
was terminated in April 2008.
The spacecraft remains in orbit, though it is now inactive.
Polar is the sister ship to GGS Wind.
== Launch == It was designed and manufactured by Lockheed
Martin, and launched at 11:23:59.997 UTC on February 24, 1996 aboard a McDonnell Douglas
Delta II 7925-10 rocket from launch pad 2W at Vandenberg Air Force Base in Lompoc, California,
to study the polar magnetosphere.
The spacecraft was placed into a highly elliptical orbit with apogee at 9 Earth radii and perigee
at 1.8 Earth radii (geocentric), 86 degrees inclination, with a period of around 18 hours.
The apogee was initially over the northern polar region, but has since been precessing
south at about 16° per year.
== Operations == Sensors on the spacecraft gathered multi-wavelength
imaging of the aurora, and measured the entry of plasma into the polar magnetosphere and
the geomagnetic tail, the flow of plasma to and from the ionosphere, and the deposition
of particle energy in the ionosphere and upper atmosphere.
The nominal mission duration was two years, but was extended several times.
Polar Mission Operations were finally terminated on April 28, 2008.
== Characteristics == Polar is a cylindrical satellite of 2.4 meters
in diameter and 1.8 meters in height built by the "Astro Space" division of Martin Marietta.
WIND is a stabilized satellite rotation at a speed of 10 rpm about its axis which is
maintained perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.
A platform that serves as support for certain instruments (including imaging) require that
their field of view is fixed is fixed to the top of the satellite and rotates in the opposite
direction.
Satellite walls are covered with solar cells that provide 440 watts of electricity including
186 W are used by the scientific instruments.
The satellite has a mass of 1297 kg, including 269 kg of propellant and 264 kg payload.
It is designed for a minimum lifetime of 2 years.
Scientific data are stored on a digital recorder with a capacity of 1.3 gigabits and transmitted
at a rate between 56 and 512 kb.
Polar is the twin satellite of Wind.
== Scientific instruments == Polar carried 11 scientific instruments totaling
a mass of 264 kg: Five instruments studying the local electromagnetic
fields at low frequency:
MFE (Magnetic Field Experiment) EFI (Electric Fields Instrument)
PWI (Plasma Wave Instrument) HYDRA (Hot Plasma Analyzer Experiment)
TIDE/PSI (Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment / Plasma Source Investigation)Three instruments
responsible for studying populations of particles associated with electromagnetic fields:
TIMAS (Toroidal Imaging Mass Angle Spectrograph) CAMMICE (Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion
Composition Experiment) CEPPAD (Comprehensive Energetic Particle-Pitch
Angle Distribution)Three imagers responsible for providing a comprehensive view of the
processes that interact with the upper atmosphere:
UVI (Ultraviolet Imager) VIS (Visible Imaging System)
PIXIE (Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment)
== Results == Polar collected images of auroras in multiple
wavelengths.
She also measured the amount of plasma used in the polar regions of the magnetosphere,
the flow of the latter in the ionosphere and the entry of other charged particles in it
and in the upper atmosphere.
For the first time the entire sequence of events initiated by magnetic substorms to
the generation of the aurora was observed in detail.
The collected data and determined that solar storms deposited such an amount of energy
in the ionosphere that it stretched to fill the magnetosphere completely.
Polar instruments were used during the primary mission of the THEMIS satellite between January
and April for his study of magnetic tail