[Music]
it's that time of year when like it or
not
holiday music is being piped into every
mall grocery store and gas station
if you're sick of it sorry I wish I
could help what I can do is shed a bit
of light on the science of music see we
here at scishow have talked quite a bit
about music over the years from whether
you can become Mozart to whether your
cats like jingle bells as much as you do
first let's focus on something happy
like the music you really love if you've
ever gotten actual chills listening to a
song you're not alone it often happens
with music you adore and researchers
think they can explain why
here's Stefan to tell us more
if you've ever been listening to music
and suddenly felt a shiver like a kind
of strange chill that runs along your
spine and makes the hair on your arms
stand on end Congrats you've experienced
what some people call a skin orgasm
scientists prefer the term free soul
which is French for shiver and they
happen when your body has a strong
emotional response to something like a
powerful stretch of notes in a song but
not everyone experiences them and
scientists think that might have to do
with small differences in our brains a
free soul is more than the tingling in
your spine while that chill is happening
the electrical conductance of your skin
increases because of small changes in
your sweat glands
your pupils also dilate and brain areas
associated with pleasure and euphoria
activate as the neurotransmitter
dopamine is released in your brain all
of these are the physiological side
effects of turning on the neurological
reward system that makes you feel good
the same one triggered by things like
food sex and illicit drugs but why this
reward system is turned on my music is
less clear sudden jumps from a quiet
note to a loud one or from a low note to
a high note often trigger free zones
unexpected solos harmonies or sequences
and melodies can as well that might be
because those characteristics and music
are pleasant surprises and new or
unexpected stimuli can trigger your
autonomic nervous system the part of
your nervous system that deals with all
involuntary physical activity in your
body like how fast your heart beats
but what elicits a free soul also varies
from person to person depending on
personal tastes so scientists think your
emotional connection to the piece also
plays a role you're much more likely to
have one while hearing a song that you
like than one that you don't for example
and they don't just happen with music
that can happen in response to visual
stimuli like pictures or movies you can
even have a free song just by thinking
about an emotional event but not
everyone gets them studies suggest that
between 55 and 86 percent of people
experience free songs and a personality
trait called openness to experience
might explain why people who score
highly on that trait often experience
intense emotions have active
imaginations and are intellectually
curious and according to a 2016 study of
a hundred college students they have
free songs more frequently when
listening to music the study authors
suggest that might be because they're
processing the music in a more cognitive
attentive way which makes them more
likely to be emotionally moved by
something unexpected in music another
2016 study of 20 people added to that by
comparing the brains of people who
experience
three Psalms with those who do not
people who do had more connectivity
between the auditory cortex the region
which processes sounds and emotional
processing centers in the brain like the
insula and medial prefrontal cortex if
you're not sure if you've ever had a
free soul well a devoted subreddit
suggests listening to Imogen Heap hide
and seek or comfortably numb' by Pink
Floyd those songs seem to give lots of
people's skin orgasms happy listening
Wow Stephon that's not quite how I
described chills but thanks for the
explanation but while there are some
common features to songs that make us
shiver it's safe to say we have pretty
different tastes and tunes and that has
a lot to do with our parents let me
explain
have you been getting in formation with
Beyonce lately or maybe you're more of a
Deadhead and think the 70s were the peak
of music a lot of debates about a
so-called Golden Age of music come down
to personal taste but can science help
explain where your music taste comes
from according to some psychology
research it's probably linked to your
memories of different songs so there's
not just one era of timeless tunes
developmental psychologists have noticed
that the memories you form as a young
adult tend to stay more detailed even as
you get older so in the late 1990s some
researchers wanted to see if this
pattern was also true for memories of
music and if that affected people's
music tastes to do that they collected a
library of songs with one that was
popular in each year from 1935 to 1994
then they rounded up some elderly people
and college students played them 20
seconds of each song and asked if they
had heard it before if they had memories
related to it and whether they liked it
the older group liked the songs that
were popular when they were teenagers
best while MC Hammer wasn't exactly
their cup of tea and that's basically
what psychologists expected but the
younger group was kind of surprising
they liked the songs from their teenage
years best but they also recognized and
liked popular songs from the late 1960s
before they were even born at the time
researchers argued that the late 1960s
was the Golden Age of music since even
the kids with their newfangled grunge
were still listening to those songs case
closed right well not exactly good
science means trying to replicate
results so if that was the Golden Age
other psychologists would see it if they
ran the study again a decade later some
researchers did just that using audio
clips from the top two singles from the
1955 to 2009 year and Billboard charts
they only tested college students and
found a similar pattern only this time
the Golden Age seemed to be in the early
1980s not the late 1960s these
psychologists drew a different
conclusion because they also asked how
old the students parents were and the
Golden Age songs were from when their
parents would have been teenagers
somehow the parents were passing their
music tastes on to their kids but it's
not like there's a funk gene or a new
wave gene that you
inherit instead it's probably an example
of the mere-exposure effect basically
people report liking a thing more when
they've seen it or heard it before
whether it's a song or even just random
shapes and it's especially true when
they're not paying close attention to
the thing at first like if parents
played their favorite songs around their
young children so they're probably never
was or ever will be one Golden Age of
music but there's likely a golden age
for you
now that I think about it all that kind
of explains why so many Carol's from the
fifties just won't die and it must be so
much worse for the people who can tell
that the high note in that one recording
that's played over and over is just a
little bit off I'm talking about people
with perfect pitch of course and it
seems like those who have it picked it
up in childhood but as Hank explains it
might be possible to learn
if you earned some random music notes
would you be able to figure out what
they were like could you just tell that
this is a D and that this absolutely an
a-flat maybe you're just great at
guessing or you could have a rare
ability called perfect pitch which puts
you in the same club as Mozart's perfect
pitch also called absolute pitch allows
you to identify musical notes without
context which is especially helpful if
you are a musician most research seems
to say that you have to learn it as a
kid but with lots of practice it might
be possible to develop sort of perfect
pitch as an adult too many studies
suggest that to have perfect pitch you
need to start musical training around
six years old during a critical period
of development during this time your
brain is figuring out which neural
pathways will be useful and which ones
it should just get rid of the key is
giving sound meaning like that this
sound is a C just like learning that the
fluffy slobbery thing that cuddles up
next to you is called a dog also if you
speak a tonal language where pitch
affects the meaning of words like
Mandarin you could be more likely to
develop perfect pitch since your brain
has been associating different pitches
with meaning from the start but if
you're not actively learning musical
notes your brain will get rid of those
extra sound identifying connections so
it can become more efficient most of
this research is correlational meaning
that scientists didn't manipulate any
variables and like teach babies certain
combinations of language and musical
notes but it still makes sense with what
we know about how the brain develops if
you miss that critical period of
development researchers aren't sure if
you would ever be able to develop true
perfect pitch but some studies have
found that adults can be trained to
better identify notes which can last for
months in a 2015 paper from the journal
cognition researchers tested 17
University students with various musical
backgrounds but no perfect pitch and got
a baseline for how well they could name
different notes and recreate notes that
they just heard then the participants
went through training where they
listened to 180 piano notes and were
asked to name them and then get
corrected when they were wrong after all
that the participants did the baseline
tests again and scored at least 8%
better than their scores were still
higher for six of them when they were
retested about a half a year later this
study and others like it are pretty
small and the bridges
things aren't all that close to the
accurate lifelong perfect pitch that you
might develop as a kid but as long as
you're willing to put in the work to
learn it's at least a half step in the
right direction
ha I guess most of us won't ever be
Mozart still you can probably tell if a
combination of notes is pleasing or not
some chords just seem to work while
others sound like nails on a chalkboard
the thing is while a lot of us dislike
dissonance the effect isn't totally
universal and that can help us
understand why it exists in the first
place
back to you Stefan
even if you've never had a single music
lesson chances are certain combinations
of notes called chords or harmonies
sound prettier to you than others
studies have found that harmony is with
note frequencies that are consonant
meaning they're related by a simple
ratio like octaves or perfect fifths
just seem to sound nicer than dissonant
ones even babies and monkeys react in
ways that suggest they share these
preferences but why we like certain
musical combinations isn't completely
clear it might be how we're wired or how
we're raised or a bit of both originally
scientists thought our preferences for
certain harmonies had nothing to do with
us and had everything to do with the way
sound waves interact in the air when two
sound waves are dissonant they interfere
with each other in a way that can cause
an annoying wah-wah-wah effect sometimes
called beats but there isn't a good
explanation for why we'd find that
unpleasant and a 2011 study in the
journal Physical Review Letters
supported a different explanation that
Accords prettiness or ugliness is all in
our heads
literally the researchers created a
simplified mathematical model of how our
hearing works and they set up a
simulation of two sensory neurons
listening to different tones which would
each send a signal to a third neuron
when stimulated kind of like how
different hair cells in your ears hear
different pitches of sound and send a
signal to your brain and the team found
that if the two sensory neurons hear
what we'd normally call a pretty harmony
their signals arrive at the third neuron
at the same time and the neuron fires
once in response to the combined sound
while you're holding the cord that
neuron has time to recharge and send a
regular series of pulses but if it's a
dissonant chord the signals from the two
sensory neurons arrive at different
times resulting in an irregularly spaced
train of pulses so the researchers
suggest that what we think of as more
harmonious just means the sound causes a
more regular neural pattern according to
information theory the mathematical
underpinnings of communicating
information regular signals like these
communicate more information than each
irregular signal does so it could be
that we think they sound better because
our brains are able to distinguish and
remember those signals more easily but
even though the idea makes sense the
researchers didn't actually test real
neurons in real people and the most
recent evidence suggests that musical
preferences are more strongly tied to
cultural influences in 2016 researchers
surveyed a group of 64 people from the
Chi Minh a an Amazonian tribe that
doesn't listen to Western music and
whose own music is entirely
based on solo performances and contains
no harmony when they compared the tribe
members perceptions of sounds and
harmonies to those of listeners from
Bolivia and the US they found that
everyone in the study shared some
preferences they all liked laughter more
than gasps for example but while the
chiminey could hear the difference
between consonant and dissonant chords
they didn't prefer one over the other to
them all chords sounded equally nice
this doesn't mean that the 2011 brain
model study was wrong necessarily just
that it's complicated and both are
biology and the music we hear when we're
young probably affect what sounds we
like
well we hear when we're young can
definitely shape our tastes and our
perceptions of music but can it make
babies smarter lots of products
certainly hope to sell parents on that
idea but here's Hank to explain how one
study on the effects of music on the
brain got blown way out of proportion
parents want what's best for their kids
they want them to grow up to be smart
kind productive people and they'll do
almost anything to give their little
bundle of joy a competitive advantage
which has led to the strange explosion
of the myth that playing classical music
for babies might make them more
intelligent you can buy all kinds of
classical music for babies programs that
supposedly quote promote brain
development but there is no real
evidence that they will actually make
your baby smarter the idea began with a
paper published in Nature in 1993 called
music and spatial task performance
researchers told 36 college students to
listen to either a Mozart Sonata a
relaxation tape designed to lower blood
pressure or just plain old silence then
they were asked some questions designed
to test their spatial reasoning for
example what kind of snowflake a cut-up
piece of paper would look like when they
opened it up the study found that the
students average spatial IQ scores were
eight to nine points higher after
listening to music but the effect only
lasted about 15 minutes but even though
this study was tiny and only included
college students and found a very
specific effect that didn't last very
long
the idea was out there music could
affect the way people think from there
it snowballs articles about the study
started to generalize the results saying
that music made people smarter in
general books like the Mozart Effect and
then the Mozart Effect for children
helped spread the misconception more
researchers started to study the
connection between music and
intelligence some studies confirm the
outcome of the original study but other
researchers couldn't reproduce the
findings meta analyses that compared the
results across all the studies found
only a very small effect if any at all
it's possible that music causes a slight
boost in spatial reasoning because music
and solving those kinds of puzzles both
activates similar parts of your brain so
maybe the music is preparing those parts
of your brain in some way like an
athlete warming up before a workout but
even if music helps you solve spatial
puzzles that doesn't mean that it makes
you smarter overall the Mozart Effect
does seem to help epileptic patients
though in a few small studies listening
to Mozart's music made seizures decrease
but as with many things in science more
research is needed so playing them in a
Bock or Mozart for your baby isn't gonna
do any harm but
just like magically make them smarter
things like good old-fashioned talking
and reading to your child are much more
important for their development
all right so music isn't magic for
babies but what about the less sapient
members of your household can pets
really get in on appreciating a good a
cappella rendition of carol of the bells
yes or no maybe
here's stuff in with more
whether it's classical pop jazz or
hip-hop almost everyone likes some form
of music but our appreciation of rhythm
and rhyme might not be unique decades of
research have hinted that animals may
also be music lovers further study of
how different species respond to music
may help us to understand how and why
the ability to perceive and appreciate
music evolved in us there's no doubt
that to us music is different from other
sounds you know it when you hear that
musical sense is called musicality and
it seems that even animals very very
distantly related to us have it too one
group of intrepid researchers tested
whether Nile crocodiles could tell the
difference between music and simple
sounds they used a brain imaging
technique called functional magnetic
resonance imaging or fMRI which uses the
blood flow in different areas of the
brain to estimate activity now if you're
wondering how you get a crocodile to
kindly sit in a big old machine while
you scan its brain well these were
juveniles less than a meter long
they were also lightly sedated and
wearing a special helmet so they didn't
move their heads too much and incredibly
the researchers did see different
patterns of brain activity when the
crocodiles listen to Bach as opposed to
random chords suggesting the music
sounded different to them and many
animals can go a step further and
actually distinguish between different
genres of music pigeons can be trained
to peck one key if they hear an organ
piece by Bach and a different key if
they hear an orchestral piece by
Stravinsky and even fish can tell blues
from Bach apparently everyone likes
testing with Bach but this doesn't tell
us whether or not they actually like
music to get at that researchers have
looked more closely at how animals react
to melodies and beats in one study
scientists actually created music
specifically for cats by using sliding
frequencies a common feature of cat
vocalizations and setting the tempo to
the same number of beats per minute as
purring the cats were more likely to
turn towards and approach speakers which
were playing the special cat music than
those playing regular music suggesting
they preferred the feline remix and just
like us animals seem to find some types
of music more relaxing than others for
example a 2012 study found that a
hundred and seventeen kennel dogs slept
more and spent less time barking when
played classical music heavy metal on
the other hand seemed to make them more
anxious in studies and primates
elephants birds and rodents have all
found that at least some kinds of music
can chill them out
about social activities like grooming or
reduce nervous or aggressive behaviors
but being relaxed by something doesn't
necessarily mean you enjoy it perhaps
the most convincing evidence that
animals actually like music comes from
studies that let them freely choose what
to listen to in a 2007 study when
monkeys were allowed to pick between
different types of music by moving to
different parts of a chamber they chose
lullabies over techno but if given the
option they preferred silence that led
researchers to conclude that our
relatives just don't like music but some
scientists have since pointed out that
most studies use Western genres and
there are a lot of other types of music
out there so in a 2014 study researchers
played three kinds of international
music just outside of a large chimpanzee
enclosure the 16 study chimps apparently
liked West African economies in North
Indian raga music spending much more
time near the speaker when they were
playing but they were pretty lukewarm
about Japanese taiko music it was a
toss-up between that and silence taken
together the science suggests that
animals especially mammals do have some
musical preferences but why do animals
like music at all the answer to that is
still a bit of a mystery in fact we
don't even really know why humans like
music scientists have a lot of theories
about the evolution of musicality
something that musicality may be related
to our time in the womb the ideas that
we like study beats and vocalizations
because they remind us of our mother's
heartbeat and her voice this would
perhaps explain music preference and
mammals but it's less of a satisfying
answer for the egg-laying groups like
birds so other researchers think it
might have more to do with the
importance of understanding
vocalizations early humans may have used
music like calls to communicate so being
better able to understand the meaning of
calls by picking up on subtleties in
tone and rhythm could have increased a
person's odds of survival and that could
even explain why we find music
pleasurable since our brain's reward
system is all about promoting things
that keep us alive and reproducing this
hypothesis would also explain why
primates and birds have musicality they
also communicate with vocalizations a
lot and it might even mean there are
musical preferences throughout the
animal kingdom after all there are
species of fish and even insects that
communicate with sound but ultimately
the origins of our love of music may
remain a mystery as such hypotheses are
difficult to test empirically
fortunately we don't have to know why
musical enjoyment evolved in humans or
in our furry and feathered friends to be
able to rock out together
oh my god I just had the worst thought a
magic playing special cat music for
fluffy and then having it stuck in your
head all day luckily scientists can
offer a few suggestions for how to get
rid of an ear worm at least until you
hear Feliz Navidad all over again
here's Michael with this essential
holiday information
you're scrolling down your tumblr - when
you see an impossible piece of news
about your favorite TV show it sounds
too good to be true but you click anyway
and there he is and all his glory Rick
Astley singing about how he's never
gonna give you up you have been Rick
Rolled and the worst part is you know
that song is gonna stay with you the
rest of the day a short snippet
repeating itself over and over until you
want to tear your ears out you've got
yourself an ear worm a repeating snippet
of music probably 15 to 20 seconds long
that's playing in your head without you
consciously making it happen but why
how do songs get themselves stuck in
your head more importantly how do you
get rid of them it turns out that which
song gets stuck mostly depends on the
person but psychologists have some ideas
about why your brain puts its playlist
on repeat and there are a few ways to
hit pause including bubblegum and word
puzzles the term earworm entered the
English language pretty recently
sometime in the 1970s by way of the
German word or verb which means the same
thing but the actual phenomenon of
getting a song stuck in your head is
much older centuries-old references call
it the Pipers maggot to study it
scientists usually use the term
involuntary musical imagery or immi for
short because ear worms are linked to
other kinds of involuntary thoughts a
lot of our conscious thoughts are
involuntary like 30 to 40 percent of
them but psychologists don't know much
about how they work within the last five
years or so researchers have realised
that ear worms are a good place to start
because they're a little more concrete
and therefore easier to study than other
kinds of spontaneous thoughts which
first meant figuring out how widespread
ear worms are how they happen and
whether some people get them more than
others ear worms are incredibly common
more than 90% of people report having
them the songs usually have lyrics as
opposed to being instrumental and live
music is more likely to stick in your
brain than recorded music maybe because
it includes a visual element or because
you're all excited and emotional from
seeing your favorite band right there on
the stage but even though having a song
stuck in your head seems like it
wouldn't be a good time that's not
necessarily true roughly three-quarters
of people who report having ear worms
actually like or at least don't really
care about the song in their heads the
annoying Tunes don't happen as much but
we will remember them more because well
they're annoying if an experience is
more stressful it's more likely to stick
in your memory which is probably why you
remember that one commercial jingle or
Rick Astley now if you listen to a lot
of top 40 you're probably gonna get a
lot of Taylor Swift song stuck in your
head but you can't get a Led Zeppelin
earworm if you've never heard Jimmy Page
play guitar this is why ear worms tend
to be songs that you know and like you
listen to the more you might think that
certain songs are
here than others so they can be more
intrusive well that's an easy hypothesis
to test because scientists do know some
of the characteristics that make a song
catchy long notes that are close
together in pitch for example like in
the chorus of the Abba song Waterloo in
a series of papers published in 2012 a
British musical psychologist named
Victoria Williamson led a research group
that spent some time studying ear worms
they asked people to describe the song
stuck in their heads and they found that
very few songs occurred more than once
people did tend to report songs like
jingle bells around the holidays and pop
songs that were constantly on the radio
showed up a lot more in the answers too
but every other song was unique even
though they surveyed thousands of people
so which song gets stuck in your head
just seems to depend on who you are your
musical tastes and your personal
memories that's because there are a
bunch of different ways to get an
earworm and some of them depend on your
individual personality in another part
of the study Williamson and her team
partnered with the BBC surveying radio
listeners to try to figure out what gave
them ear worms unsurprisingly the most
common cause was recent or repeated
exposure to a song so top-40 and jingle
bells but there were a few others too
the researchers found that ear worms can
be associated with a particular memory
and calling up that memory would also
dredge up the song it can even work in
Reverse like if you're going to a
concert you might get the band's song
stuck in your head ahead of time certain
moods like stress or surprise can make
particular songs get stuck in people's
brains they also found that ear worms
can happen when your mind isn't working
very hard like when you're daydreaming
or even when you're actually dreaming
when you're asleep apparently it's
pretty common to wake up with a song
already stuck in your head so we know
what kinds of things can cause your
worms but why do our brains get fixated
on songs at all scientists still aren't
exactly sure but they think it's related
to what's known as the Zeigarnik effect
Bluma Zeigarnik was an early
twentieth-century soviet psychologist
who noticed that servers could
flawlessly remember a customer's order
right up until the order was delivered
once the task was done the memory went
kaput they garnished spent time studying
his effect and found that people who
were interrupted in the middle of doing
something could remember what they were
doing much better than people who are
allowed to finish in other words your
brain works hard to keep a task that's
in progress in your working memory but
once you're done it doesn't need that
information anymore so it tosses it out
that can help with productivity since if
you start something your brain is going
to keep it on the front burner until you
finish it in other words listen to Shia
LaBeouf just do it when it comes to ear
worms your brain might be considering an
intrusive song to be an unfinished task
also in 2012 one group of research
at Western Washington University tested
this by giving their study participants
earworms
they played songs by the Beatles and
Lady gaga and either let them finish or
stop the song in the middle the songs
that they paused didn't come back as
earworms more than the finished ones
which would seem to be a point against
the Zeigarnik effect but they noticed
something interesting if participants
heard the song playing in their heads
right after listening to it it was more
likely to come back as an earworm
sometime in the next 24 hours
the researchers interpreted this as
evidence in favor of the Zeigarnik
effect proposing that the participants
brains were treating those songs as
unfinished tasks so if your brain thinks
it's an unfinished task how do you get
the local car dealerships jingle out of
your head a few studies have come up
with different strategies one of the
strangest ideas is to just to gum which
might somehow interfere with the same
processes your brain is using to play
the song most of the others take into
account the Zeigarnik effect plus the
fact that ear worms tend to have lyrics
one survey by Williamson's group in the
UK and a psychologist named lassie
leakin in from Finland combined data
from thousands of participants and
examined the way people already
responded to ear worms they found that
people tried two main things distraction
and engagement both of which seemed to
work distractions that were kind of
similar to the ear worm or most
effective like listening to a similar
song some participants even reported
listening to so-called cure songs not
like the band The Cure though that could
work but particular songs that people
said would push their ear worm out
without becoming ear worms themselves
the researchers couldn't explain why
these specific songs didn't become ear
worms since virtually any song can but
they didn't engagement on the other hand
tries to take advantage of the Zeigarnik
effect lots of people know the first
verse and chorus of songs but they might
not know the second verse so their
brains can't complete the task and the
chorus gets stuck in an infinite loop
that's why engaging with the song by
singing along or listening to it often
made it go away though the researchers
did note that a lot of people like their
ear rooms enough to not bother doing
anything about them but it was that 2012
Lady gaga Beatles study out of Western
Washington that had the most interesting
solution to the ear worm problem the
study was broken up into a few different
experiments in each the researchers
would play either top 40 songs by Taylor
Swift Beyonce and Lady Gaga or classics
by the Beatles in a certain order the
participants were then asked to solve a
puzzle in one experiment these were
pseudocode puzzles another used anagrams
while they were solving the puzzles the
songs would tend to pop back into their
heads the researchers wanted to know if
the difficulty of the puzzles would make
a difference in the songs becoming ear
worms
and whether it mattered if the puzzles
involved letters or numbers turns out
both of those things were important
puzzles that were too easy weren't
distracting enough to push the
involuntary songs out of people's brains
but neither were puzzles that were too
hard that might seem counterintuitive
unless you've ever played a tough level
in candy crush and just given up and
discussed when a task is too challenging
you can lose interest and the earworms
sneaks back in moderately difficult
puzzles seem to hit the sweet spot
taking up just enough mental resources
for people to forget about the intrusive
song also the word puzzles worked better
than the number puzzles something that a
bunch of earworm studies have noticed
the researchers think that's because
most ear worms are songs that have words
so your brain treats them as a type of
verbal task but when it's time to solve
the word puzzle your brain needs to use
the same resources so it dumps the ear
worm to focus on solving the puzzle so
there you have it next time you have an
ear worm you need to get rid of solve
the somewhat difficult anagram but in
case you don't carry those around with
you all the time the researchers suggest
just reading something as long as it's
engaging enough to push the ear worm out
of your working memory and if you find
yourself getting ear worms a lot there's
no need to worry music is everywhere
piped into department stores elevators
out of your phone when you're on hold
with customer service for two hours it's
no wonder we get songs stuck in our
heads when we hear them constantly and
it's also possible that we've trained
ourselves to have a good memory for
music because oral traditions go back
far longer than any writing system for a
long time humans used songs to remember
things on purpose so the next time
you're hearing some 80s one-hit wonder
for 36 hours straight it's not that
there's something wrong with your brain
your brain is just really into music
thanks for watching this very jingle e
scishow compilation and a special thanks
to all of our patrons who supported the
show all through 2019 you can get in on
the action for 2020 and join our
community of awesome people at
patreon.com/scishow
[Music]
you
[Music]