Male: What I want to do in this video is introduce you
to the idea of a consumption function.
It's a very simple idea.
It's really just the notion that income,
income in aggregate in an economy
can drive consumption in aggregate in an economy.
Just to make things tangible, I will construct
a consumption function for a hypothetical economy,
and we can debate whether we can construct a better one.
All the numbers don't have to be exactly
what I'm about to do, but this is just
to make things concrete in your mind.
Maybe we have a hypothetical economy
where consumption is going to be equal to ...
well, maybe there's some base level of consumption
even if there's no aggregate income in our economy.
It's hard to image, but let's say there isn't.
There will still be consumption.
Maybe people can do it by digging into their savings.
They're essentially using resources
that they've already accumulated in some way.
Let's say that base level of consumption,
let's call that 500.
It could be billions of dollars or gold coins
or clamshells or whatever the unit
of measuring economic activity is in our economy.
That's our base level of consumption.
Then let's say if there is some aggregate income,
people will spend 60% of it.
I'm just picking these numbers somewhat arbitrarily.
Let's say if there's some above and beyond
the base level, they're going to spend 0.6
of any aggregate income they have.
Actually, to be a little bit more particular,
I'll write not just income, I'll write disposable income.
I'll want to do that in a different color.
They will ... that's not a different color.
Above and beyond the base level,
they'll spend 60% of their disposable income.
I make the distinction, just to clarify our model,
between income and disposable income
because all of the aggregate income in an economy
does not end up in consumers' pockets.
Just for a simplification, you might say,
"Yeah, some of it ends up in firms' pockets,"
but the firms, at the end of the day,
are owned by individuals, so it can end up
in individuals' or consumers' pockets.
But some of it goes off to the government.
When you think about income, and if you spend
any time looking at your pay stub this will
become familiar to you, you have your income
but you don't end up with all of that in your
checking account or your pocket
or your savings account.
A good fraction of that is taken out for taxes.
What you have left over when you subtract
taxes out of income, that is your disposable income.
That's why I write this here because that's actually
a more reasonable thing to say.
People will spend 60% of their disposable income.
They obviously can't spend a fraction of stuff that
they don't have, the stuff that's taken out for taxes.
Just to visualize this, we can draw it.
This will be a line.
This might ring a bell from your early algebra days.
Just the variables are different.
Instead of a y, we have a c,
but that's still the dependent variable.
It's a function of disposable income.
In algebra you'll often call this the independent variable.
The most typical variable is x.
It's really the same idea over here.
Let me draw this a little bit neater.
We can graph this, what's essentially going to be a line.
It doesn't have to be a line.
We just constructed a consumption function
that happens to be a line.
This is consumption right over here in the vertical axis.
That could be in billions of dollars
or clamshells or whatever else.
Then right over here we have disposable income.
If there is zero disposable income,
maybe I'll draw a little table over here.
This is I'll call it disposable income
and this is consumption.
If there's zero disposable income,
then this whole term right over here is 0.
Then you have 500 billion dollars,
or whatever our units are, of base consumption.
This would correspond to this point right over here.
In the horizontal axis you don't move at all
because this is 0.
Vertical axis is 500.
So you have 500.
Let's say disposable income is 1,000
whatever our units are.
So this is 500.
Let's say this is 1,000 billion clamshells.
This could be in billions of clamshells.
I don't want to keep having to say that
over and over again.
What is our consumption going to be in our units?
Our consumption is going to be equal to
500 + 0.6 x 1,000 which is equal to
500 + 600 which is equal to 1,100.
That would correspond, this right over here,
would correspond to; so 1,000,
so this might be 1,000 on this axis
so this would be 1,100 to this point right over here.
That would be the coordinate: 1,000; 1,100.
This is a line.
Two points make a line.
In this particular case we have
a consumption function that looks
something like this.
We picked two points to draw it.
If you remember a little bit of your slope,
you could view this as your y intercept,
or in this case your c intercept,
and that your slope would be the .6,
and we'll talk more about that in future videos
when we dig into the marginal propensity
to consume a little bit more.
But the one thing I just want to highlight
is it's a very simple idea.
This does not have to be the consumption function.
The consumption functions that we tend to study
in introductory economics classes will look like this.
It will be a line that has some intersection,
some base level of consumption.
But one could argue it might be very different.
Maybe the consumption function looks like this.
Maybe when income is low,
for every incremental dollar of income,
people are probably going to spend a lot.
As they become richer and richer and richer,
as their income goes higher and higher,
they're going to spend less and less
a fraction of their disposable income.
Essentially what I'm describing here
is a marginal propensity to consume changes.
In our first model, we had a very basic
marginal propensity to consume.
It was constant.
For every incremental dollar, .6 of that got spent.
So we had a marginal propensity to consume
that was constant of 0.6.
Marginal propensity to consume.
But, you could argue, that maybe a more
complex model is justified.
That when you have a very high marginal
propensity to consume, when people have very little
because they have a very low standard of living,
they really want to just get a little bit more
just so they can live a decent life,
but as they get more and more income they say,
"Hey, I'm starting to max out my standard of living,
"I'll save more and more of it for a rainy day."