Hello YouTube!
In this video,
we will learn about the Y chromosome DNA O known as O-M175.
First,
let's look at the haplogroup O phylogenetic tree,
and the major ethnic group that have genes for each phylogenetic tree.
Second,
we will map the distribution of subclades by era and region on the map.
We will also look at the culture created by them.
The haplogroup O is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia.
Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.
So when did haplogroup O form?
Let's look at the time of appearance and descendants through the phylogenetic tree.
Before we look at the tree, let's first explain the legend of the tree.
The text in the box indicates a haplogroup.
Mutations in the haplogroup are indicated by the text above the box.
The text below the box shows when it was first formed and the time most recent common ancestor.
Haplogroup O was formed about 36,800 years ago in Southeast Asia, or East Asia.
His direct descendants are O1 and O2.
The mutations are F265 and M122, respectively.
Mutations M119 and M268 of O1 appear 30000 years ago.
The most recent common ancestor of O1a is 17600 years ago.
O1b's most recent common ancestor of O1b is 28,300 years ago.
So let's look at the current distribution area and ethnic group of O1a on a map.
Let's go back to the haplogroup O tree.
O1b1, also known as O-K18,
is now the major haplogroup comprising East Asians.
Let's find out the current distribution of this group through the map!
O1b2, also known as O-P49,
is a group that emerged 28,300 years ago.
Now it can be found with high frequency in Korea and Japan.
Haplogroup O-M122 is a gene found in Eastern Eurasia.
The most likely origin is estimated to be 30500 years ago in China.
This group is widely distributed from Southeast Asia to East Asia.
It is a paternal lineage with high frequency in this area.
You are viewing the current distribution of the O2 subclade on the screen.
So far, we have investigated the current distribution of the major subglades of haplogroup O on the Y chromosome.
So, where did they live in ancient times?
And what was the culture created by them?
Shall we find out together?
Are you ready?
let's go!
The Y-chromosome Adam was born about 270,000 years ago.
Among the descendants, the NO group,
the direct ancestor of O,
appeared in Southeast Asia between 33,800 and 44,700 years ago.
After that, the O group spreads to East Asia.
5000~3300 BC,
the main force that created Daxi culture
in the middle Yangtze River,
were groups with the haplogroup O2a2a gene.
At the Daxi site,
cylindrical bottles,
white plates and red pottery were found.
The earliest moat and walled settlements in China have been excavated.
Haplogroup O1b1a2 gene was found in the remains unearthed at the Yangshao cultural site.
It is a Neolithic culture that existed in the middle of the Yellow River from 5000 to 3000 BC.
Most of the ruins are located on the banks of the river,
and there are residences and cemeteries.
They lived a sedentary life,
cultivated millet ,
and raised livestock, hunted, and fished at the same time.
Liangzhou Culture is a Neolithic culture found in the ruins of Liangzhou,
downstream of the Yangtze River.
In addition to various jade instruments,
silk, etc. were also excavated from the site.
This division of class indicates that the Liangzhu period was an early state,
symbolized by the clear distinction drawn between social classes in funeral structures.
O1a genes are found in people who lived in this area at this time.
The Dapenkeng culture was an early Neolithic culture that appeared in northern Taiwan between 3500 and 2500 BC
and quickly spread around the coast of the island,
as well as the Penghu islands to the west.
Most scholars believe this culture was brought across the Taiwan Strait by the ancestors of today's Taiwanese aborigines,
speaking early Austronesian languages.
The Qijia culture was an early Bronze Age culture,
distributed around the upper Yellow River region of Gansu and eastern Qinghai, China.
The protagonists of this culture were the people with the haplogroup O2a2b1 gene.
Longshan culture was created by people with the N gene,
not the Haplogroup O gene.
They influenced the expansion of Yangshao culture.
Yi people with the N1b1 gene were widely distributed in the Shandong Peninsula,
and Hongshan Cultural Regions.
These are the forces that built the early Gojoseon kingdom.
O2a descendants of Yangshao Cultural Area migrate to the northeast,
Build a Lower Xiajiadian culture with the N1b1 group.
The distribution and movement path of Haplogroup N can be viewed in detail,
by clicking the card in the upper right corner.
1046 BC The Zhou dynasty overthrew the Shang dynasty.
After the fall of the Shang Dynasty,
many people with the O2a gene migrated to the Gojoseon area.
Gojoseon is destroyed by the Han Dynasty.
Thank you for watching till the end.
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