To the Chinese he was the barbarian scourge born from the wastes.
To the Europeans he was a demonic servant, leading a “detestable nation of Satan that
poured like devils from Tartarus”.
To human history though he was one of the greatest warlords in history.
We’re talking of course, about Genghis Khan.
Genghis Khan was born sometime around 1162 AD, and originally named “Temujin” after
a Tatar chieftain that his father had captured.
Genghis had been born a member of the Borjigin tribe and was a descendant of the fabled Khabul
Khan, who had done what so few Mongols had ever managed to do- unite the many disparate
tribes against the Jin dynasty of China six decades earlier.
Greatness marked Genghis from birth, not just in the heritage of his mighty bloodline, but
physically with a literal mark caused by a blood clot in his hand- to the superstitious
mongols this meant that Genghis was destined to become a great leader.
Young Genghis though would have a hard education in survival ahead of him amidst the various
clans that made up Mongol lands.
When he was just nine years old, his father took him to live with the family of his future
bride, and on the return trip his father encountered members of a rival tribe who invited him home
with them to share in a conciliatory meal.
Believing that the rival tribal members meant to bury the hatchet over past transgressions,
Genghis' father agreed and dined with them, only to be poisoned.
When Genghis learned of his father's death he immediately returned home to claim his
position as clan chief, however the rest of the clan refused to acknowledge the leadership
of a nine year old boy and his family was ostracized, becoming near-refugees in their
own tribe.
Genghis vowed revenge, and to never be laughed at again, so when during a dispute over the
spoils of a hunting expedition he quarreled with his half-brother, Genghis killed him
and confirmed his position as the head of his family.
The young chieftain was yet a child and had already learned the harsh truths of Mongol
life: power is won by blood spilled, and very often held the same way.
At sixteen years old Genghis married the woman he had long ago been promised to, a young
girl by the name of Borte.
The marriage cemented the alliance between her tribe and his, but soon after the wedding
Genghis' wife was kidnapped by a rival tribe and given to their chieftain as a wife.
Genghis, along with his close friend Jamukha and his older protector, Toghrul, raided the
rival tribe's camp and rescued his bride.
However when she gave birth to a son nine months later, Jochi, there were doubts about
who the real father was, though Genghis accepted young Jochi as his own, daring any of his
rivals to question his judgement.
Eventually, Genghis would have four sons with Borte, and though during the course of his
rule he would take many other wives and have many other children, Borte alone would remain
his lifelong companion, and only his male children with her would qualify for succession
in the family.
Troubles typically precede greatness though, and at age twenty Genghis was captured in
a raid by a tribe that had formerly been his family's allies, the Taichi'uts.
Genghis was enslaved briefly, though his iron will would prove difficult to break and he
was often punished for refusing to submit.
With the help of a sympathetic captor who perhaps still held some loyalty to Genghis'
family, Genghis was able to escape.
His daring escape from captivity fueled Genghi's reputation, and he formed a fighting unit
out of his brothers and some of his most trusted clansmen.
Believing that his people would never truly become great until they ceased the petty infighting
and rivalries between the various clans, Genghis took his small force out into the steppes
and began to unite the clans together one by one.
His goal was simple: he would destroy all the divisions between his people, through
slaughter if he had to, and the Mongols would at last become one people, a mighty nation
to rival the powers of China.
Young Genghis' small force would swell to an elite fighting force of twenty thousand
battle hardened warriors.
A brilliant tactical mind combined with savage brutality, Genghis proved an exceptional battlefield
commander, and his fighting force met its first true challenge when Genghis turned his
army on the Tatars, who had murdered his father so long ago.
Easily defeated, Genghis then ordered as punishment that every Tatar male who was taller than
the axle pin of a wagon wheel to be killed, ensuring that only children who could be molded
to be obedient to the young Khan would be left alive.
With one vengeance satisfied, Genghis turned next to the Taichi'ut, the former family allies
who had attempted to enslave him.
Relying on an army of expert horsemen, his cavalry easily routed the Taichi'ut forces
and as revenge Genghis had every single Taichi'ut chief boiled alive.
A few years later he would go on to defeat the powerful Naiman tribe, who stood between
Genghis and his ambitions of a unified Mongolia.
Their defeat would give the young Genghis control over central and eastern Mongolia-
more territory than any khan had held in centuries.
Genghis was a shrewd battlefield commander who combined expert tactical thinking with
ruthless brutality, yet he was also keenly aware of the value of military intelligence.
He employed a huge network of spies which he sent out amongst his enemies to learn the
strengths and weaknesses of those he faced.
Sometimes his spies also acted as assassins, eliminating important rival military commanders
and thus weakening the effectiveness of the fighting forces that opposed him.
He was also quick to adopt new technologies from those he defeated, and these would include
improved bows which allowed his men to shoot further and more accurately, as well as techniques
for quickly relaying messages between his forces.
Most famously, Genghis adopted a system of smoke and burning torches to relay long distance
commands, as well as large drums and flags to give signals in the midst of combat.
This allowed Genghis to issue commands to his forces even in the midst of battle, making
them incredibly mobile and able to respond to an evolving battle, often outmaneuvering
an enemy.
Genghis' great military success also relied heavily on the individual expertise of his
soldiers.
Unlike most ancient commanders, Genghis did not accept just anyone into his fighting forces,
and ensured that each man who rode into battle with him was an expert rider who could handle
and ride a horse without a saddle.
His soldiers had to be expert marksmen with the bow, but also able to fight in close quarters
with swords and daggers when needed.
Typically the average Mongol carried a bow, arrows, a shield made of wood or leather,
and a lasso.
They could also carry javelins, body armor made of hardened leathers, and a lance with
a hook in order to pull enemies off their own horses.
As expert riders, each of Genghis' soldiers could handle their horse with just their legs,
leaving their hands free to shoot a bow or wield a lance and shield in combat.
Yet as a keen tactician, Genghis recognized that an army was more than just the fighting
men at the front.
Thus his armies were always followed by a very well-organized supply system of oxcarts
loaded with supplies and extra military equipment, shamans to provide spiritual leadership, maintain
morale, and treat the wounded, and even government officials whose job was to catalog the plunder.
After his initial victories over the major Mongol tribes, the other tribes unified and
agreed to peace, at last bestowing upon Genghis the title of “Khan”, or “universal ruler”.
A title of not just political but also spiritual importance, a great shaman declared that Genghis
Khan was the living representative of Mongke Koko Tengri, or the Eternal Blue Sky, who
was the supreme god of the Mongols.
With his newfound divine status, it was clear that Genghis' destiny was to rule the world.
Genghis immediately led his forces to fresh conquests, striking out in 1207 against the
kingdom of Xi Xia, which had flourished in Northwest China since 1000 AD.
Two years later the kingdom surrendered unconditionally, and Genghis turned his attention against the
Jin Dynasty in northern China in an epic struggle that would last for twenty years.
Yet even as he fought for control of China, Genghis' armies also struck out West.
He established diplomatic relations with the Khwarizm Dynasty, a Turkish empire that included
Turkestan, Persia, and Afghanistan, but relations quickly soured when the Mongol diplomatic
mission was attacked by the governor of Otrar, a prosperous and important city.
When the 450 strong Mongol trade caravan arrived at the city, the governor, Inalchuq, accused
the traders and ambassadors of being Mongol spies, and executed the entire caravan.
Genghis Khan then sent a delegation of three diplomats to the Khwarizm sultan, demanding
that Inalchuq be punished for the murders, and instead the sultan beheaded the lead ambassador
and shaved the beards of the other two, sending them back to Genghis with the lead ambassador's
head.
This would prove to be a mistake.
In 1219 Genghis Khan personally lead an army of 200,000 Mongols against the Khwarizm Dynasty,
sweeping through every major city and razing them to the ground.
Anybody who wasn't immediately slaughtered was forced to march in front of the army to
act as human shields as Genghis laid siege to the next city.
Genghis spared no living thing in the empire, killing everything from children to small
domestic animals and even livestock.
Two years later in 1221, the Sultan and his son were captured and killed, ending the Khwarizm
Dynasty forever.
The invasion of the Khwarizm Dynasty brought Genghis Khan and his hordes to eastern Europe,
and began an age known as the Pax Mongolica.
Despite being known as a brutal warleader, Genghis Khan was also a great statesman, and
valued peace and prosperity as much as conquest.
His invasions brought law and order to wide swathes of lands which had for centuries been
ruled by brutal warlords, and his prohibition of blood feuds forced a lasting peace and
an end to the petty conflicts which saw constant warfare between clans and villages.
Genghis' law also forbade adultery, theft, and false witnesses, and reflected the Mongols'
great respect for the environment, making it the law for people to treat their natural
resources with great respect.
Decency was made a part of a soldier's life as much as obedience, and soldiers were taught
to pick up anything that the soldier they were following dropped.
Unity was preached over traditional selfishness, and Genghis' laws helped weave together the
many disparate people under his great empire.
A stunningly progressive leader for his time, Genghis also outlawed the tradition of earning
promotions in either the military or in government solely due to hereditary or ethnicity, and
instead made it law that only merit would be used to judge the worthiness of a man.
In Genghis Khan's empire, a non-Mongol had as much chance to rise in the ranks as a Mongol,
and efficiency and competence were valued over social status.
Genghis Khan's empire also gave tax exemptions to religious organizations, something that
would take centuries to be adopted by Western powers.
There was also a great degree of religious tolerance, reflecting the long-held Mongol
tradition of religion as a personal conviction free from the law and interference.
Genghis Khan even established a mail system which would see packages and letters safely
delivered from as far as Europe all the way to the coasts of China, a wonder which would
not be repeated again for centuries.
Genghis Khan would die in 1227 AD, though historians remain unsure as to the exact nature
of his death, it is suspected it was either from injury or natural causes.
Following Mongol tradition, the grave of the greatest warchief in history was ultimately
unadorned without any great monument.
Instead the funeral party carried the great Khan's body to a secret place and slew any
they encountered to ensure that his grave would never be found.
It is rumored that they even diverted a river to run over the grave and thus ensure that
Genghis' resting place would never be disturbed.
Under the leadership of his sons, the Mongol Horde's power would climax as his forces reached
all the way to the gates of Vienna in Austria, when the death of his son Ogedei forced the
horde's commander to return to Mongolia.
Europe was ultimately saved from the great Mongol hordes, though given the incredibly
progressive values of Genghis Khan's empire, there’s an argument to be made that Europe
would have been better served by not being spared from invasion.
The great Mongol Empire was ultimately short-lived, but without a doubt ranks among the greatest
in history.
What do you think world history would have been like if the Mongol empire had lasted
as long as the Roman empire?
Let us know in the comments!
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