Hello, everyone.
I'm Yasmeen from Indiana University,
and I'm here to present our paper,
"It's easier than causing confrontation.
Sanctioning strategies to maintain social norms
and privacy on social media."
Smartphones are ubiquitous now.
In the United States, while 81% of Americans
reported owning smartphones, the share
of young adults who own smartphones was more than 92%.
Communication and social media apps
had a 97% mobile reach among online users.
And in Snapchat, users create and share over 210 million
snaps everyday that include funny situations, selfies
and sexting.
However, sharing content has its privacy risks.
Anything individuals reveal about themselves or others
online can potentially affect the privacy, self-presentation,
and reputation of multiple stakeholders,
as in these photos.
In this work, we built in communication privacy
management theory.
Once personal information is disclosed to others,
the private information is co-owned and co-managed
by multiple stakeholders, I mean discloser, subject, and viewer.
Privacy rules and social norms are
developed through collaborative negotiations
to regulate privacy.
When negotiation fails, people apply
sanctions to address the breach of privacy
and ask the violator to comply with the rule.
Therefore, understanding how individuals,
individually and collaboratively,
negotiate their privacy and create privacy rules
in the era of pervasive digital photography and social media
is a key point to understanding their struggles and needs,
especially since social networking sites still
lack satisfactory tools to support collaboration
in such collaborative environments.
In this work, we focus on three questions.
First, what kinds of behaviors and content sharing
do college students identify as inappropriate in social media?
Second, how do students sanction each other
when someone violates these social norms
of appropriateness?
And third, how might designs draw
from these sanctioning strategies
to better support college students' goals?
In this work, we interviewed 23 college students
at Indiana University.
They all were active users of Facebook and Snapchat.
Most were using Instagram and a majority were using Twitter.
We asked participants to recall stories
where they took different roles in the sanctioning process.
Building on categories from prior research
on the regulation of online boundaries and privacy
management, we classified these strategies
into the following categories; one,
on-site and off-site sanctions; two, individual
and collaborative sanctions.
Based on our findings, we also contributed the new category
of three, visible and invisible sanctions.
These three dimensions represent, one,
where the sanction takes place.
On-site where the violation occurred or offsite,
away from the online space in which the violation occurred.
Two, who applies the saction, a person or a group?
And three, how apparent the sanction is to the violator,
visible or invisible.
Despite agreeing on implicit social norms,
our participants were often reluctant to take
an active role in sanctioning violators to enforce norms.
As our findings showed, regardless
of who was sanctioned, most strategies used by participants
to sanction norm violations were either
invisible to the violators or visible
but without explanation.
This suggests that current sanctioning strategies might
not be effective for users who wish
to be warned about their violations to better understand
their audience and how to be considerate to other members
in the community.
In this paper, we argue for designing
sanctioning tools that make community norms more visible
and signal norm violations of sharing.
Such approaches do not stifle change and also support
norm violations that might be seen
as necessary by some certain community members.
These tools, unlike those that enforce norms or call
for conformity, should further alleviate the burden on viewers
to confront the violator while saving face
and preventing public embarrassment for both
the poster and the viewers.
Driven from our findings, we identified four implications
for designs that we believe can help align community
members to take an active role to signal norms as well
as render these norms more transparent to others.
Finally, we would like to thank NSF for their support.
We really appreciate it.
I'm happy to take any questions.
Thank you so much.