A country code top-level domain is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved
for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory.
All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains
are ccTLDs.
In 2010, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority began implementing internationalized country
code TLDs, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application.
Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
country codes.
Delegation and management IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate
trustee for each ccTLD.
Administration and control is then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for
the policies and operation of the domain.
The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.
Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains.
There may be a local presence requirement, as for example the Canadian and German domains,
or registration may be open.
History The first registered ccTLD were .us, .uk,
and .il, all registered in 1985.
In 1986, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were registered.
Relation to ISO 3166-1 Unused ISO 3166-1 codes
Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS.
However, some of these are effectively unused.
In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island and the designation
Svalbard and Jan Mayen do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is
Norid policy not to assign any at present.
Two French territories, bl and mf, still await local assignment by France's government.
The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and
does not exist in DNS.
Only one subdomain is still registered in gb and no new registrations are being accepted
for it.
Sites in the United Kingdom generally use uk.
The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008.
Under RFC 1591 rules .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental
agency and local Internet user community.
ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1 Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not
ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes.
Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.
uk: The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB.
However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing
Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root.
gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk
is now entrenched.
su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union was
still extant; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.
ac: This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved
in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union.
The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier., im and je also
fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March
2006.)
eu: On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the
ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes.
Only EU currently meets this criterion.
Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002,
progress was slow, but a registry was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for
allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December
2005 for the holders of prior rights.
Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all.
tp: Being phased out in favor of tl since 2005.
Historical ccTLDs There are two ccTLDs that have been deleted
after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs and zr.
There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS;
for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted
until 2001.
Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted.
In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause
for a heavily used ccTLD.
In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than a decade after SU
was removed from ISO 3166-1.
The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen
were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.
The temporary reassignment of country code cs until its split into rs and me led to some
controversies about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition
of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at
least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in
language tags in 2006.
The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 2003-07-23, but
the yu ccTLD remained in operation.
Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was
phased out in March 2010.
Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the
.oz domains moved to .oz.au.
Internationalized ccTLDs An internationalized country code top-level
domain is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an
end user application, such as a web browser, in its language-native script or alphabet,
such as the Arabic alphabet, or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Chinese characters.
IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name system to top-level Internet domains
assigned to countries, or independent geographic regions.
ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009, and installed the
first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010.
The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia,
and the United Arab Emirates.
By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.
ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does
not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph
attacks.
However, this does not protect against homograph attacks involving two non-Latin alphabets
having letters often represented by similar glyphs, such as the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets,
for example.
Unconventional usage
Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks.
Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases,
whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating
domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, youtu.be of Belgium,
del.icio.us of the United States, and cr.yp.to of Tonga.
The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic
TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.
Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting.
The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss
typing the letter o for sites in the com.
Commercial usage Some of the world's smallest countries and
non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for
worldwide commercial use.
See also List of ccTLDs
Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses
gccTLD Notes and references
External links Related websites
IANA's list of TLDs – official site World Intellectual Property Organization Domain
name dispute resolution] World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names
Norid: Domain name registries around the world ccTLD and TLD analysis of several Zone files
The ICANN Country Code Names Supporting Organisation