hi tonight we're going to talk about chapter 3 which is, we're going to look
at the anatomy and physiology of speech mechanisms. so in order for us to speak
we are using over a hundred muscles in our chest or abdomen or neck and our
head and if we're thinking about a hundred different muscles that is a lot
of different things interacting together in order for me to be able to talk like
I am. so we're going to talk through those different systems there
are three major functional systems for speech production and that is
respiration, laryngeal and the super laryngeal which includes the pharyngeal
oral and nasal cavities.
ok, so let's go through each of those tonight. you'll notice that this
powerpoint is a little bit longer than previous powerpoints we've had so i
probably will break this up into two videos, please make sure that you watch
both video one and two and i'll make sure to name those accordingly. so this
is video one let's get started, if we're talking about the function of speech
mechanisms it really has two functions, one is more of the biological function
so breathing and eating, but then we have the speech function which we're going to
be focusing on and that's going to be ,you know, it's produced of different
configurations which make up different sounds. so speech is going to be the end
product of four different processes happening simultaneously and cooperating
really well with each other in order for us to have that end product of speech
and those four processes are respiration phonation resonance and articulation.
now on slide 3 and 4 you'll see some helpful links, this will give
you some more information about the anatomy
of lungs, the mechanics of ventilation, on slide four it will talk about
different muscles, the larynx it will show you both normal and disordered
vocal folds. so i highly recommend checking out those links. i'm not going
to go into them because you have the links i want you to look at those so
we're going to move on to slide 5. so the first of the system's, the major
functional systems i want to talk about tonight is respiratory system. that's
going to consist of lungs, your ribcage, abdomen and associated muscles. it acts
like a pump to provide the the movement of air needed for speech production and
with the respiratory system we have two different types of sounds that we can
get we have egressive and ingressive. so egressive is how most the sounds and
all of the sounds in fact in the English language are made. so when I
breathe out, when air is going out of my lungs in order to make a sound like I'm
doing right now all of the sounds I'm making are on the exhale.
those are egressive with the e ok and then ingressive sounds are those made
when we're inhaling air into our lungs, so it would sound something like this
you know when we're inhaling but we would also make a sound.
those don't occur in the English language but it is good to know because
in the international phonetic alphabet, if we're talking about different
cultural sounds for different languages they will have those in gressive sounds
as well.
ok so let's talk about the second system
the second major functional system is going to be the laryngeal system and
that consists of your larynx, sometimes known as your voice box, and of your
vocal folds
are housed within that larynx. so what's happening is air is traveling up through
the laryngeal system where the voice is then going to be produced. during
breathing your vocal folds are kept apart so that air can move freely in and
out of your lungs.
however, during speech the vocal folds are brought together so that the
escaping air coming from the lungs will set the, the vocal folds will be set
into vibration. so the difference between breathing and speech, there is a lot of
it has to do with those vocal folds whether they're set into vibration or
not.
ok I'm on slide seven now so let's talk a little bit more about the larynx and
specifically the glottis so the glottis is going to be, if these are my vocal
folds, make sure right here, this space right here see how there's a little
space right there that's going to be the space between your vocal folds is the
glottis. so we don't have a lot of sounds that are produced there but we do have
some. one is the H the "hu hu" like house and the other is called a glottal stop. you may
have heard if you've ever worked with children with cleft palate
this is the population that uses glottal stops quite a bit and it's where we're
stopping the air right at that space between the vocal folds. so if I said the
word uh
Oh between the uh and the oh I'm stopping the air right at the level of
the vocal folds and that is called a glottal stop.
so there are times in english language were glottal stops are appropriate if we
use button instead of but ton. most of us might use that glottal stop instead of
using
the actual like TT sound. let's see what else, "uh oh" is probably the most common one,
so it does happen in the English language, however children with cleft
palate specifically will use it to replace our velar sounds like our K's
and our G's. so that's something to watch out for.
ok we also have the cartilages of the thyroid, the cricoid and the arytenoid.
and then the epiglottis, this is a funny little leaf shape cartilage and it's below
the root of the tongue and basically it's covering the entrance of the larynx.
so its main purpose is going to be to prevent food and liquid from going into
the trachea. so we don't want to go all this food and liquid going into our
lungs right? if you're ever choking it may be because some of that food and liquid
went into your trachea when it wasn't supposed to. so that the epiglottis, that
leaf shape cartilage, helps so it closes over our larynx to keep liquid from
going in the trachea and then when we are speaking it opens back up.
ok so it just kind of hinges right here and covers and uncovers that entrance of
the of the larynx. ok.
slide 8, let's talk about the third system. so the third major functional
system is going to be the Super laryngeal system. it's located super
meaning above, so above the larynx located above the larynx. it includes the
pharyngeal oral and nasal cavities and basically the pharyngeal cavity, or the
pharynx it's also called, is a muscular tube and it's divided into two other
cavities and that would be the nasal cavity in the oral cavity. sounds will
travel from the larynx through the
pharynx and then either enter the oral cavity or the nasal cavity or sometimes
both. And the velum, which is your soft palate,
we'll talk about that a little bit more later in these slides, that is going to
help determine which cavity the sound is traveling through. the super
laryngeal systems main job is to modify the vibrations coming from the vocal
folds. and then lastly on this slide, slide 8 I want you to just remember the
vocal tract is going to be a combination of the pharyngeal and nasal cavities.
ok so let's talk a little bit more about that vocal tract, so we have the pharyngeal
cavity which we talked about, that's the vertical tube that's positioned at
the posterial vocal tract or the throat. you have the
oral cavity, so remember it's
the pharyngeal, then it breaks into the oral and nasal so the oral cavity is
going to be your mouth, it's a horizontal tube that runs anterior meaning upfront
to posterior behind. you have your nasal cavity which are the horizontal cavities
located above the oral cavity and resonators help with with our nasal
sounds and we'll talk a little bit more about that in a minute.
let's go on and talk a little bit more about kind of this area. we're going to
talk about, in addition to the oral and nasal cavities i want you to kind of get
a little bit of a feel and remember some of that anatomy. so let's talk about the
bones of the face.
we have the mandible, the jaw,
we have the maxilla up here, we have the nasal bones and it provides some points
for attachment for muscles which are going to help with articulators, so
all of those help with articulators.
ok now let's talk about bones of the cranium, so we have frontal bones up here,
we have parietal, occipital and we also have temporal. so and what these bones
are doing is they're really protecting the brain and it provides some points of
articulation for muscles of the articulators. so when we talk about
our jaw and our lips and our nose and things like that, they're, these facial
bones our cranial bones are going to provide some points for muscles too
attached.
ok let's move on to slide 12, we're going to talk about a little bit more about
this pharyngeal cavity, so remember that's going to be the throat and then also the
nasal in the oral cavities. so it extends from the posterior portions of the nasal
cavity, so remember posterior is behind, and then it's going to go downward
through the back of the oral cavity and then continue on but it does not include
the larynx so it stops here.
ok and then we'll have the larynx, which is going to be the the laryngeal cavity
so that's going to be different.
ok now we have the nasal cavity, so the nasal cavity just to give you a little
bit more information on this the nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to the
pharynx, so the nostrils back to the pharynx or the throat, it receives
inhaled air, the nasal cavity filters that air, it warms the air and it directs
air towards the trachea. the direction of the sound travel is determined by the
velum or the soft palate and the velum is also going to be helpful for us in
determining
nasal vs oral sounds. so the velum i want you to take your tongue and go from your
teeth and travel all the way back like you had peanut butter on the top of your
mouth,
so go all the way back. ok you'll notice that at the beginning the roof of your
mouth or your palate is hard,
that's your hard palate. eventually you're going to get about three quarters of the
way back and you'll hit your soft palate, it goes from hard to soft. so that soft
palate continues back and that's called a hanging door, known as a
hanging door.
basically what it does is when we want to make a sound out of our mouth that
lifts and when that lifts it closes off the nasal passage or the nasal cavity. so
when were saying "buh" we don't want any air coming out our nose so that velum is
going to raise and then no air is escaping through the nose all the air is
traveling out the mouth in order to make the "buh" sound. now if we tried a sound
that start,
that was a nasal sound so we have M, N and -ing. those are the three sounds in the
English language that we want to go through the nasal cavity that our nasal
sounds. so if we wanted that then the velum is going to drop down, it's going
to provide access up to the nasal cavity and out through the nose.
so if i say "mmm" my velum has now dropped for the soft palate to allow the
air to escape through the nose.
ok and so that's what's happening at that velum pharyngeal port. basically the
velum is either going up and down and then also the post for a the pharyngeal
walls the posterior pharyngeal walls are going to constrict and move forward to
help meet with that velum or soft palate in order to close off the nasal
passageway or
open it for nasal sounds. okay, so let's stop here for video 1 and please watch
video to to continue with this slideshow. thank you.