Come with me to Agbogbloshie,
a neighborhood in the heart of Accra,
named after a god that lives in the Odaw River.
There's a slum, Old Fadama,
built on land reclaimed from the Korle Lagoon,
just before it opens into the Gulf of Guinea.
There's a scrapyard here where people take apart all kinds of things,
from mobile phones to computers,
automobiles to even entire airplanes.
Agbogbloshie's scrapyard is famous
because it has become a symbol of the downside of technology:
the problem of planned obsolescence.
It's seen as a place where devices from around the world end their life,
where your data comes to die.
These are the images that the media loves to show,
of young men and boys burning wires and cables
to recover copper and aluminum,
using Styrofoam and old tires as fuel,
seriously hurting themselves and the environment.
It's a super-toxic process,
producing pollutants that enter the global ecosystem,
build up in fatty tissue
and threaten the top of the food chain.
But this story is incomplete.
There's a lot we can learn from Agbogbloshie,
where scrap collected from city- and nationwide is brought.
For so many of us,
our devices are black boxes.
We know what they do,
but not how they work or what's inside.
In Agbogbloshie, people make it their business
to know exactly what's inside.
Scrap dealers recover copper, aluminum, steel, glass, plastic
and printed circuit boards.
It's called "urban mining."
It's now more efficient for us to mine materials from our waste.
There is 10 times more gold, silver, platinum, palladium
in one ton of our electronics
than in one ton of ore mined from beneath the surface of the earth.
In Agbogbloshie,
weight is a form of currency.
Devices are dissected to recover materials, parts and components
with incredible attention to detail,
down to the aluminum tips of electric plugs.
But scrap dealers don't destroy components that are still functional.
They supply them to repair workshops like this one in Agbogbloshie
and the tens of thousands of technicians across the country
that refurbish electrical and electronic equipment,
and sell them as used products to consumers that may not be able to buy
a new television or a new computer.
Make no mistake about it, there are young hackers in Agbogbloshie --
and I mean that in the very best sense of that word --
that know not only how to take apart computers
but how to put them back together, how to give them new life.
Agbogbloshie reminds us that making is a cycle.
It extends to remaking and unmaking
in order to recover the materials that enable us to make something anew.
We can learn from Agbogbloshie,
where cobblers remake work boots,
where women collect plastic from all over the city,
sort it by type,
shred it, wash it
and ultimately sell it back as feedstock to factories
to make new clothing,
new plastic buckets
and chairs.
Steel is stockpiled separately,
where the carcasses of cars and microwaves and washing machines
become iron rods for new construction;
where roofing sheets become cookstoves;
where shafts from cars become chisels
that are used to scrap more objects;
where aluminum recovered from the radiators of fridges
and air conditioners
are melted down
and use sand casting to make ornaments for the building industry,
for pots which are sold just down the street in the Agbogbloshie market
with a full array of locally made ovens, stoves and smokers,
which are used every day
to make the majority of palm nut soups,
of tea and sugar breads,
of grilled tilapia in the city.
They're made in roadside workshops like this one by welders like Mohammed,
who recover materials from the waste stream
and use them to make all kinds of things,
like dumbbells for working out out of old car parts.
But here's what's really cool:
the welding machines they use look like this,
and they're made by specially coiling copper
around electrical steel recovered from old transformer scrap.
There's an entire industry just next to Agbogbloshie
making locally fabricated welding machines that power local fabrication.
What's really cool as well is that there's a transfer of skills and knowledge
across generations,
from masters to apprentices,
but it's done through active learning, through heuristic learning,
learning by doing and by making.
And this stands in sharp contrast
to the experience of many students in school,
where lecturers lecture,
and students write things down and memorize them.
It's boring, but the real problem is
this somehow preempts their latent or their inherent entrepreneurial power.
They know books but not how to make stuff.
Four years ago, my cofounder Yasmine Abbas and I asked:
What would happen if we could couple
the practical know-how of makers in the informal sector
with the technical knowledge of students and young professionals
in STEAM fields --
science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics --
to build a STEAM-powered innovation engine
to drive what we call "Sankofa Innovation," which I'll explain.
We took forays into the scrapyard
to look for what could be repurposed,
like DVD writers that could become laser etchers,
or the power supplies of old servers
for a start-up in Kumasi making 3D printers out of e-waste.
The key was to bring together young people from different backgrounds
that ordinarily never have anything to do with each other,
to have a conversation about how they could collaborate
and to test and develop new machines and tools
that could allow them to shred and strip copper instead of burning it,
to mold plastic bricks and tiles,
to build new computers out of components recovered from dead electronics,
to build a drone.
And here you can see it flying for the first time in Agbogbloshie.
(Applause)
Yasmine and I have collaborated with over 1,500 young people,
750 from STEAM fields,
and over 750 grassroots makers and scrap dealers
from Agbogbloshie and beyond.
They've joined hands together to develop a platform
which they call Spacecraft,
a hybrid physical and digital space for crafting,
more of a process than a product,
an open architecture for making,
which involves three parts:
a makerspace kiosk, which is prefab and modular;
tool kits which can be customized based on what makers want to make;
and a trading app.
We built the app specifically with the needs of the scrap dealers
in mind first,
because we realized that it was not enough to arm them with information
and upgraded technology
if we wanted them to green their recycling processes;
they needed incentives.
Scrap dealers are always looking for new scrap and new buyers
and what interests them is finding buyers who will pay more
for clean copper than for burnt.
We realized that in the entire ecosystem,
everyone was searching for something.
Makers are searching for materials, parts, components, tools, blueprints
to make what it is they want to make.
They're also finding a way to let customers and clientele
find out that they can repair a blender
or fix an iron
or, as we learned yesterday, to make a french fry machine.
On the flip side, you find that there are end users
that are desperately looking for someone that can make them a french fry machine,
and you have scrap dealers who are looking how they can collect this scrap,
process it, and turn it back into an input for new making.
We tried to untangle that knot of not knowing
to allow people to find what they need to make what they want to make.
We prototyped the makerspace kiosk in Agbogbloshie,
conceived as the opposite of a school:
a portal into experiential and experimental making
that connects local and global
and connects making with remaking and unmaking.
We made a rule that everything had to be made from scratch
using only materials made in Ghana
or sourced from the scrapyard.
The structures essentially are simple trusses which bolt together.
It takes about two hours to assemble one module with semi-skilled labor,
and by developing tooling and jigs and rigs,
we were able to actually build these standardized parts
within this ecosystem of artisanal welders
with the precision of one millimeter --
of course, using made-in-Agbogbloshie welding machines,
as well as for the tools,
which can lock, the toolboxes, and stack to make workbenches,
and again, customized based on what you want to make.
We've tested the app in Agbogbloshie
and are getting ready to open it up to other maker ecosystems.
In six months, we'll have finished three years of testing
the makerspace kiosk,
which I have to admit, we've subjected to some pretty horrific abuse.
But it's for a good cause,
because based on the results of that testing,
we've been able to redesign an upgraded version of this makerspace.
If a fab lab is large, expensive, and fixed in place,
think of this as the counterpoint:
something low-cost,
which can be locally manufactured,
which can be expanded and kitted out incrementally
as makers acquire resources.
You can think of it as a toolshed,
where makers can come and check out tools
and take them via handcart
to wherever they want in the city to make what it is they want to make.
And moving into the next phase, we're planning to also add
ceiling-mounted CNC bots,
which allow makers to cocreate together with robots.
Ultimately, this is a kit of parts,
which can be assembled locally within the informal sector
using standardized parts
which can be upgraded collectively through an open-source process.
In totality, this entire makerspace system
tries to do five things:
to enable emerging makers to gather the resources they need
and the tools to make what they want to make;
to learn by doing and from others;
to produce more and better products;
to be able to trade to generate steady income;
and ultimately, to amplify not only their reputation as a maker,
but their maker potential.
Sankofa is one of the most powerful Adinkra symbols of the Akan peoples
in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire,
and it can be represented as a bird reaching onto its back to collect an egg,
a symbol of power.
It translates literally from the Twi as "return and get it,"
and what this means is that if an individual or a community or a society
wants to have a successful future, they have to draw on the past.
To acquire and master existing ways of doing,
access the knowledge of their ancestors.
And this is very relevant
if we want to think about an inclusive future for Africa today.
We have to start from the ground up,
mining what already works for methods and for models,
and to think about how might we be able to connect,
in a kind of "both-and," not "either-or" paradigm,
the innovation capacity of this growing network
of tech hubs and incubators across the continent
and to rethink beyond national boundaries and political boundaries,
to think about how we can network innovation in Africa
with the spirit of Sankofa
and the existing capacity of makers at the grassroots.
If, in the future, someone tells you
Agbogbloshie is the largest e-waste dump in the world,
I hope you can correct them
and explain to them that a dump is a place where you throw things away
and leave them forever;
a scrapyard is where you take things apart.
Waste is something that no longer has any value,
whereas scrap is something that you recover
specifically to use it to remake something new.
Making is a cycle,
and African makerspaces are already pioneering and leading
circular economy at the grassroots.
Let's make more and better together.
Thank you.
(Applause)