- [Instructor] In the last video, we started
with the story of the Patriarchs in Genesis.
How Abraham settles his people in Canaan,
but eventually they get enslaved in Egypt.
According to the Old Testament, that enslavement lasts
for over 500 years until we have the emergence of Moses
whom we also spoke about in the last video.
The next four books of the Hebrew Bible which are often
given authorship to Moses.
These really talk about Moses freeing the Jewish people
from enslavement, getting the Commandments,
the Law, from God, and eventually bringing the people
so that they can resettle back in Canaan.
As I mentioned in the last video, these first five books
of the Hebrew Bible, also the first five books
of the Christian Old Testament, they are referred to
as the Torah, and they are given authorship to Moses
although historians are doubtful of that.
Even the historicity to the degree to which these
are historical characters are significantly debated.
We have the Jewish people, according to Biblical accounts,
now in Canaan.
As we go into the rest of this video, we're getting into
more of a historical period with the first significant kings
of the Israelites.
Now we're getting into the first millennium BCE.
The people, the Israelites, are settled in Canaan.
In the 11th century, BCE you have King Saul comes to power.
He's considered to be the first significant king,
or the first king really of a united kingdom
of Israel and Judah.
This is King Saul.
He is then succeeded by King David who is his son-in-law.
It was a very continuous succession.
David is considered a significant figure
in Judaism and Christianity and Islam.
He's considered a warrior, poet, philosopher.
He really strengthens and really unifies the kingdom.
He's succeeded by his son, King Solomon.
King Solomon is famous in Biblical accounts for his wisdom.
He's also known for creating the First Temple in Jerusalem.
As we will see, this First Temple in Jerusalem,
the way that I have marked it off on this timeline,
the green is periods according to Biblical accounts,
then later according to historical accounts as well.
When the Jewish people were for the most part not in Canaan
where they were in captivity, or they were being enslaved.
They were in exile some place else.
The white that I show here,
this is the enslavement in Egypt,
this is going to be the Babylonian captivity
that we're going to talk about shortly.
Then the white, this is when we have the existence
of the temples in Jerusalem.
The First Temple in Jerusalem, this is a depiction of it,
was built by Solomon.
Now the unified kingdoms Judah and Israel don't last beyond
these three kings.
Shortly thereafter, it gets fragmented into two kingdoms.
The kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel.
The kingdom of Israel is going to be overrun
by the Neo-Assyrians in 722 when they refuse to pay tribute
to the Neo-Assyrian king.
The kingdom of Judah essentially becomes a client-state
of the Assyrians.
It's important to keep in mind even though these
are called kingdoms for most of this history,
they are client-states to larger powers
whether it's the Assyrians, the Babylonians,
the Egyptians, the Seleucid.
They keep being client-states.
They also have some degree of autonomy which is why
they are called kingdoms.
In 722, you have the kingdom of Israel being overrun
and many of the Jewish people having to go into exile
and being held captive by the Neo-Assyrians.
Then as we get into the 6th century BCE,
you have the famous Babylonian Conquest,
The Neo-Babylonian Conquest of Nebuchadnezzar the Second,
who conquers Judah.
Once again, this is really a side battle
between the Neo-Babylonians and the Egyptians,
and we talk about that in other videos.
That takes us to the Babylonian captivates.
This is a picture here of Jerusalem,
and maybe as equally important, that First Temple of Solomon
being destroyed and the Jewish people being taken
into captivity where they are taken
from Jerusalem to Babylon.
They're held in captivity, a significant fraction of them
are held in captivity, in Babylon from this period
from around 597, 586 BCE until Babylon is conquered
by Cyrus the Great, conquered by the Achaemenid Persians
that we talk about in another video.
Once again, the end of the captivity is really a side effect
of larger battles and conquests going on.
But Cyrus the Great frees the Jewish people in 538 BCE.
This is the end of the Babylonian captivity.
He resettles them back in Jerusalem, and he and his successors
assist in the rebuilding of the temple.
Then you have the Second Temple of Jerusalem.
You often will hear Second Temple Judaism
because this is the period now where the Jewish people
are resettled in Jerusalem.
They are rebuilding that Second Temple that a lot
of the Old Testament takes its modern form.
Now this is going to last for several hundred years.
As I mentioned the kingdom of Judea is a client-state
of all of these various empires.
It eventually becomes a client-state of the Roman Empire
as we get into the end of the first millennium BCE.
As we get to 70 CE, so this is shortly after the time
of Jesus, you have the first Jewish-Roman War
sometimes referred to as the Jewish Revolt.
In that, the Romans destroy the Second Temple.
This is really significant, the Second Temple
as we mentioned it starts getting rebuilt
at the end of the captivity and famously
gets really, nicely constructed as we get
into the First Century BCE.
Then in 70 CE, Jerusalem is destroyed again.
This time by the Romans.
This is the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora
where they are exiled for, now we're talking thousands
of years, from Rome.
They spread through the Roman Empire and other empires,
and we talk more about that in other videos.
This is a significant thing because now the Jewish people
are for the most part dispersed.
They don't have a temple, and you don't see a significant
resettlement of the Jewish people into this area
until we get to the 20th century.