Hi. It's Mr. Andersen and in this video I'm going to talk about water, a polar molecule.
What does it mean to be polar? It means that you have a charge. The electrons are shared
unequally. And as a result of that water has these amazing behaviors that allow us to survive
on our planet. And so let's start by looking at one water molecule. It's made up of 1 oxygen
atom and 2 hydrogen atoms. And what you should know is that oxygen in highly electronegative.
What does that mean? It's going to pull electrons towards it. And if we were to look at those
levels here on the periodic table, aside from fluorine, it's going to be the highest one
there. And so why is that? Well if we go across on the periodic table we're seeing an increase
in electronegativity. Why is that? We're increasing the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore
there's a more positive charge on the inside, so it's pulling those electrons towards it.
And you might think, well then as we go down on the periodic table, why doesn't it increase
there? Well as we go down we're filling in more levels of electrons. And so these electron
levels that are filled are shielding that pull of the protons on the inside. And therefore
we have to go up on a periodic table to get electronegativity increases. And so oxygen
is really high. It's pulling the electrons of hydrogen closer to it. And so what you
get is a partial positive and a partial negative charge. In other words the oxygen is always
going to be negative. And then the hydrogen is always going to be positive. And so you
can think of it almost like a magnet. There are going to poles, or two sides to it. And
just like magnetic fields move out and around the magnet, you can imagine these imaginary
fields around the water molecule as well. And so on the top where the hydrogen is we're
going to have positive charges. And then on the bottom we're going to have negative charges.
And so imagine trying to put a bunch of magnets together like this and just holding them there.
Now you know that those similar poles are going to repel each other. And so if you were
eventually to let got it would quickly shift to a shape like this, where south meets north
and north meets south. The same thing would occur with water. If we put water molecules
like this, all of these negative charges of the oxygen molecules are going to repel each
other. So it will quickly orient itself like this. And so water will always be oriented
so the positive of the hydrogen and the negative of the oxygen are attracted to each other.
And so what do we call that attraction between these? We call those simple hydrogen bonds.
And so the hydrogen bond would be represented with these dotted lines. It's an attraction
between the positive hydrogen and the negative oxygen. Sometimes we'll see hydrogen bonding
with nitrogen as well. Now what are some of the properties that we get as a result of
this polarity? The biggest one that you can see right away is cohesion. What does that
mean? If you think of this as one water molecule and this as another water molecule then the
positive here is attracted to the negative here. So if I pull this is this direction,
this is going to go with it. And so it's holding all of those water molecules together. And
so the surface tension in this water right here is caused by all of the hydrogen bonds
in the water molecules. Where this doesn't occur on our planet, but in space or in orbit
around our planet, this is a big globule of water. And it's just floating there. What's
holding it together is going to be the cohesion or the hydrogen bonds of those water molecules.
What's another property? We have capillary action. What does capillary action mean? Well
if we were to look in this tube, it's just sitting in water, there is starting to be
adhesion to the sides of the tube. Now how is adhesion different from cohesion? Adhesion
is when water is sticking to another surface. Anything that has a charge. And so you can
see it's kind of creeping up on the side. What's pulling the other water molecules along
with it? That's going to be cohesion. But you can see as we decrease the size of that
tube it goes higher. And as we make it smaller it goes higher yet. And in fact if we make
it microscopically small, so like the xylem which are these tiny tubes in a tree, that's
how water is moving all the way up a tree. There's a evaporation of water up at the top.
And then there's this connection of water all the way up these tubes to the surface.
And so it's moving all that water through a tree. What's pulling it up? It's going to
be the driving of that energy from the sun. But it's the connection of all those water
molecules. It also accounts for the high specific heat of water. What does that mean? It's really
hard to change the temperature of water. And the reason why is to change the temperature
you have to pull those molecules apart. And if you want to evaporate it you really have
to free up one of those water molecules. And so I live in Bozeman. And so Bozeman looks
just like this, surrounded by beautiful mountains. But we are about at the same latitude as Seattle.
Now Seattle, instead of being surrounded by mountains is surrounded by water. And since
that water has this high specific heat, what it does is it moderates their temperature.
And so this is the average high temperature in Bozeman and in Seattle. And you can see
Bozeman is this yellow line. In January it's going to be in the 30s or high 30s. And then
in the summer it's going to be in the upper 80s, pushing 90. But if we were to look at
Seattle its temperature is really not going to vary that much. And it's rare that they
have really icy roads and a lot of snow. And it's also rare that they're going to have
100 degree temperatures in the summer. Why is that? It's the high specific heat of the
water that's surrounding Seattle. So for example in the summer when it gets really hot outside
a lot of that energy is going into the water itself. It's absorbing a lot of that energy.
And as it does that it's kind of moderating the temperature. It's a good reason why you're
filled with water as well. If you weren't our temperature would change radically over
the course of even a day. Another property is that ice floats. And you might think, well
that's obvious. But with most matter, with most molecules, when you cool them down they
become more dense and they would therefore sink. But water doesn't do that. And that
has to do with these hydrogen bonds in here as well. So as it cools down it's forming
this beautiful three-dimensional matrix which allows it to actually decrease density. Now
what is that important? Well, if it didn't do that then ice would settle at the bottom
of the oceans and we would quickly be a frozen planet. Another important thing about water
being polar is that it's a good solvent. And so this is a phet simulation. What I'm doing
is adding a little bit of sodium chloride or salt to water. And you'll notice what happens,
that when we add that to water it breaks apart into its ions. And so the sodium and chloride
ions are actually being ushered away by the water molecules. So if we get rid of the water
it goes right back to that ionic salt. So if we zoom in a little bit closer, what's
going on? Well let me kind of pause it right here. So what do we have? We have this chloride
ion which is going to have a negative charge and it's going to be surrounded by the positive
parts of the hydrogen. Likewise we have this sodium ion. And so it's a positive charge.
You can see that it's being surrounded by the negative charges of the oxygen molecules.
And so as a result, that allows us to dissolve material really, really quickly. And as we
move materials around in our body, it's important that we're made of water, a very good solvent.
And there's this saying that like dissolves like. And so let's say we have water and then
we throw a little sugar, a disaccharide next to that. Well what do you see? A bunch of
oxygen. A bunch of hydrogen. And so that's going to be polar as well. And so we're going
to have areas that are negative. And so the positive hydrogen is going to connect to that.
And areas that are positive and then the negative oxygen is going to bond to that. And so what
happens when we add sugar to water? It's going to dissolve quickly. And the reason why is
that like is dissolving like. Now if we were to look at another molecule, this is a triglyceride,
or a fat. It doesn't have a lot of oxygen and hydrogen together. It's mostly made up
of carbon and hydrogen. And those are sharing electrons equally. And so it's hard to dissolve
something like that. And so what happens when you pour, for example, oil into water? It
will settle out. And so anything that has a charge, water is able to breakdown. The
only exception would be things that are non-polar. So water is an amazing molecule. It allows
life to exist on our planet. And if it wasn't polar in nature, life probably wouldn't exist.
And as we start to look for life out in the universe, what are we generally looking for?
Water. And so where is a great place to look? Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter and
we think that there is a liquid water ocean underneath an ice surface. And so if we could
eventually get there, we might find life there. And so that's water. It's polar. It's amazing.
And I hope that was helpful.