The Polynesian narrative or Polynesian mythology encompasses the oral traditions of the people
of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian
Triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers.
Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto-Polynesian
that was probably spoken in the Tonga - Samoa area around 1000 BC.
== Description ==
Prior to the 15th century AD, Polynesian peoples fanned out to the east, to the Cook Islands,
and from there to other groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas.
Their descendants later discovered the islands from Tahiti to Rapa Nui, and later Hawai‘i
and New Zealand.
Latest research puts the settlement of New Zealand at about 1300 AD.
The various Polynesian languages are all part of the Austronesian language family.
Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to permit communication between
some other language speakers.
There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in
terms of social organisation, childrearing, as well as horticulture, building and textile
technologies; their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared
tales.
In some island groups, help is of great importance as the god of the sea and of fishing.
There is often a story of the marriage between Sky and Earth; the New Zealand version, Rangi
and Papa, is a union that gives birth to the world and all things in it.
There are stories of islands pulled up from the bottom of the sea by a magic fishhook,
or thrown down from heaven.
There are stories of voyages, migrations, seductions and battles, as one might expect.
Stories about a trickster, Māui, are widely known, as are those about a beautiful goddess/ancestress
Hina or Sina.
In addition to these shared themes in the oral tradition, each island group has its
own stories of demi-gods and culture heroes, shading gradually into the firmer outlines
of remembered history.
Often such stories were linked to various geographic or ecological features, which may
be described as the petrified remains of the supernatural beings.
== From oral to written == The various Polynesian cultures each have
distinct but related oral traditions, that is, legends or myths traditionally considered
to recount the history of ancient times (the time of "pō") and the adventures of gods
(“atua”) and deified ancestors.
The accounts are characterised by extensive use of allegory, metaphor, parable, hyperbole,
and personification.
Orality has an essential flexibility that writing does not allow.
In an oral tradition, there is no fixed version of a given tale.
The story may change within certain limits according to the setting, and the needs of
the narrator and the audience.
Contrary to the Western concept of history, where the knowledge of the past serves to
bring a better understanding of the present, the purpose of oral literature is rather to
justify and legitimatise the present situation.
An example is provided by genealogies, which exist in multiple and often contradictory
versions.
The purpose of genealogies in oral societies generally is not to provide a 'true' account,
but rather to emphasise the seniority of the ruling chiefly line, and hence its political
legitimacy and right to exploit resources of land and the like.
If another line should rise to ascendency, it was necessary to bestow upon the new line
the most prestigious genealogy, even if this meant borrowing a few ancestors from the preceding
dynasty.
Each island, each tribe or each clan will have their own version or interpretation of
a given narrative cycle.
This process is disrupted when writing becomes the primary means to record and remember the
traditions.
When missionaries, officials, anthropologists or ethnologists collected and published these
accounts, they inevitably changed their nature.
By fixing forever on paper what had previously been subject to almost infinite variation,
they fixed as the authoritative version an account told by one narrator at a given moment.
In New Zealand, the writings of one chief, Wiremu Te Rangikāheke, formed the basis of
much of Governor George Grey's Polynesian Mythology, a book which to this day provides
the de facto official versions of many of the best-known Māori legends.
Some Polynesians seem to have been aware of the danger and the potential of this new means
of expression.
As of the mid-19th century, a number of them wrote down their genealogy, the history and
the origin of their tribe.
These writings, known under the name of "pukapuka whakapapa" (genealogy books, Māori) or in
tropical Polynesia as "puta tumu" (origin stories) or "puta tūpuna” (ancestral stories)
were jealously guarded by the heads of households.
Many disappeared or were destroyed.
In the 1890s, Makea Takau, a Rarotongan chief, ordered his tribe to burn all their family
books, save his own.
As a result, Makea Takau's version became the official history of the chiefly line,
removing the possibility of dissent.
At his request, extracts were published in the Journal of the Polynesian Society.
== See also ==
== References ==
Beckwith, Martha, Hawaiian Mythology, Yale University Press, 1940, as re-issued in 1970,
University of Hawaii Press Buck, Sir Peter / Te Rangi Hiroa, Samoan Material
Culture.
Bishop Museum bulletin.
Craig, D. Robert, Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology, 1989, Greenwood Press.
Kirch, Patrick, 'On the Road of the Winds' 2000, University of California Press.
Malo, David, Hawaiian Antiquities, first published in English in 1898, available as Bernice P.
Bishop Museum Special Publication 2, Second Edition, 1951